Overview of the Power system

Submitted by
Engr Muhammad Ikhlaq
Submitted to
Dr Muhammad Arshad Shahzad Hassan
Department
Electrical Engineering
Reg #
BEE- FA10-111
 Definition

An electric power system is a network

of electrical components deployed to supply,
transfer, and use electric power. An example of
an electric power system is the grid that
provides power to an extended area.
 Power system

 The electrical power system provides a

means of
generating ,
transmitting , and
Distributing
energy in the form of electric current
to the ultimate users , the load .
 Subsystems

Generation is simply the conversion of energy from

one form to another
The three major types of generation are
Fossils
Hydro
Nuclear
 FOSSILS

Fossils fuels such as coal , oil and gas are burned to

generate electricity

The machines used in fossil generation are high

speed but low starting

The main issues are environmental as burning of fuel

causes pollution therefore Low sulphur content fuel
is used .
 HYDRO

In hydro plants , electric power is generated by the

water flowing through a turbine which is coupled
solidly to a generator

Hydral machines are slow machines but they are

quick starting and have a good raping rate
 NUCLEAR

In Nuclear plants the basic cycle is similar to that of

fossil plant by the required heat is provided by
nuclear reaction rather from burning fuels

Due to governments requirements about the safety

of nuclear plants , their design and operation are
much more complicated than the fossil or hydro
units .
 TRANMISSION

The transmission system consists of a network of

overhead lines or in densely populated areas under
ground cables

The lines are designed to transmit large amount of

power from point of generation to the lead area
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES

We classify transmission lines with reference to

VOLTAGE
DISTANCE
A.C OR D.C
 VOLTAGE

Ultra high voltage transmission lines (1000KV)

Extra high voltage transmission lines (745KV)

High voltage transmission lines (220 KV)

Medium voltage transmission lines (132kv)

 DISTANCE

Long length transmission lines (above 150 KM)

Medium length transmission lines (50-150 KM)

Short length transmission lines ( Less than 50KM)

 Types of Power Transmission

Overhead lines

Underground cables
 OVERHEAD LINES

TWO TYPES

AC LINE

DC LINE
 AC LINES

The overhead AC lines are applied on power system

at voltages in the range of 115KV to 800 KV
 Components of T.L

Conductors

Ground wires

Insulators

Towers
 Functions

Conductors are either solid round , stranded or

bundled , Stranding provides flexibility

The ground wires acts as a shield to protect the

energized conductors from lightening stroke

Insulators suspend the energized phase conductors

and insulate them from grounded tower
The tower support the conductors and is the most
visual part of a transmission line ..
 DC TRANSMISSION LINE

In this mode of transmission , the three phase , 60

HZ voltages and currents are converted to DC ,
transmitted on a DC line and are converted back to
AC at other end .
 USES OF THE DC T.L

TO connect two systems operation and different

frequencies

For long underground or under water transmission

For long distance overhead transmission

 Transmission

DC lines are sometimes called asynchronous ties

since they can be used to inter connect two systems
operating at different frequencies

Moreover DC transmission is chosen over AC

because it is less expensive than AC over very long
distances
 CABLES

Underground cables are used in very densely

populated areas but they are rarely used because
they are more expensive as the require insulating
materials instead of air to separate the conductors
from each other and from ground.
 DISVANTAGES OF CABLES

There are also some technical disadvantages

associated with underground cables

One major problem is the very high capacitance

inherent in the underground cables , capacitance
gives rise to charging currents .

Special equipment must be installed to compensate

for the effect of charging currents which adds the
cost .
 TYPES OF CABLES

OIL filled pipe type cables

Oil filled self contained cable

Solid dielectric cable

SF6 cables
 Distribution

The distribution system consists of a network

overhead lines and underground cables by which the
power is distributed to the ultimate users of
electricity that is load .
 Load

The utilization of electric power is collectively called

load .

This includes the uses of electricity in homes ,

factories ,offices , and for recreation entertainment
etc.
 SYSTEM VOLTAGES

Generation voltages are in the range of 12 – 35 KV

Transmission voltages are in the range of 115-800KV

Distribution voltages are in the range of 4-35KV

Loads operate at variety of voltages due to their

diverse nature
 Power

Power transmitted is directly proportional to the

product of V and I

Losses are directly proportional to I2

Therefore to transmit power with minimum loss

we use high voltage .
 Case study

LOCATION

STEAM POWER STATION FAISALABAD (WEST

CANAL ROAD )
 TECHNOLOGY AND NO of Units

Two conventional steam power generating units

Eight conventional gas turbine units

Total capacity is 332 MW

TWO identical units each of 66 MW

Eight identical units each of 25 MW

Main contractor was WESTING HOUSE USA

 FUEL TYPE

Main fuel is natural gas which is being supplied by

NPGL

Standby fuel is furnace oil which is being supplied by

PAKISTAN STATE OIL through railway wagons
(imported)
 Cooling water source

Six tube wells were installed at the time of erection

With the passage of time 2 more tube wells were

installed

H.p is 50 to 60
 Interconnection with NATIONAL Grid

Connected with 220KV NISHATABAD

Sigle line diagram is attached as Annexure-D

 STEAM POWER PLANTS CHARACTERISTICS

STEAM PRESSURE 1250 PSI

STEAM TEMPERATURE 950 + 10’F
STEAM FLOW AT FULL LOAD 600000 lbs/hr
GENERATION VOLTAGE 11KV
FREQUENCY 50HZ
POWER FACTOR 0.85
ALTERNATIVE FUEL FURNACE OIL
TIME REQUIRED TO SYNC TO GRID 06 HOURS
FROM COLD CONDITION
 TRANSMISSION

Two basic converter technologies are used in modem

HVDC transmission systems.

 Conventional line-commutated current source

converters (CSCs)

Self-commutated voltage source converters (VSCs).

500 KV HVDC TANSMISSION LINE
HVDC converter station with ac filters in the
foreground and valve hall in the background
 LONG-DISTANCE BULK POWER
TRANSMISSION

HVDC transmission systems often provide a more economical

alternative to ac transmission for long-distance bulk-power delivery
from remote resources such as hydroelectric developments,
mine-mouth power plants, or large-scale wind farms.
Higher power transfers are possible over longer distances using
fewer lines with HVDC transmission than with ac transmission.
 Typical HVDC lines utilize a bipolar configuration with two
independent poles, one at a positive voltage and the other at a
negative voltage with respect to ground.
 Bipolar HVDC lines are comparable to a double circuit ac line
since they can operate at half power with one pole out of service but
require only one-third the number of insulated sets of conductors
as a double circuit ac line.
 UNDERGROUND AND SUBMARINE
CABLE TRANSMISSION

Unlike the case for ac cables, there is no physical

restriction limiting the distance or power level for
HVDC underground or submarine cables.

 Underground cables can be used on shared rights-

of-way with other utilities without impacting
reliability concerns over use of common corridors.
HVDC configurations and operating modes
 BENEFITS OF TRANSMISSION

The primary function of transmission is to

transport bulk power from sources of desirable
generation to bulk power delivery points.
 Benefits have traditionally included
 lower electricity costs,
access to renewable energy such as wind and
hydro,
 locating power plants away from large population
centers, and access to alternative generation sources
when primary sources are not available.
 Distribution

Distribution, including
primary and secondary distribution,
 is that portion of a power system that runs from
distribution substations to customer’s service
entrance equipment. In 2008 in the United States,
distribution systems served approximately 138
million customers that consumed 3.7 trillion kWh.
 DISTRIBUTION

Figure shows the basic components of an electric power system

Power plants convert energy from fuel (coal, gas, nuclear, oil, etc.)
and from water, wind, or other forms into electric energy. Power
plant generators, with typical ratings varying from 50 to 1300
MVA, are of three-phase construction, with three-phase armature
windings embedded in the slots of stationary armatures.
 Generator terminal voltages, which are limited by material and
insulation capabilities, range from a few kV for older and smaller
units up to 20 kV for newer and larger units.
To reduce transmission energy losses, generator step-up (GSU)
transformers at power plant substations increase voltage and
decrease current.
 FUNCTIONS

The transmission system serves three basic

functions:
 It delivers energy from generators to the system.

 It provides for energy interchange among utilities.

 It supplies energy to the sub transmission and

distribution system.
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

The transmission system consists of a network of

three-phase transmission lines and transmission
substations, also called bulk power substations.
Typical transmission voltages range from 230 up to
765 kV. Single-circuit three-phase ratings vary from
400 MVA at 230 kV up to 4000 MVA at 765 kV. In
some cases, HVDC lines with solid-state converters
are embedded in the transmission system as well as
back-to-back ac-dc links.
 Sub transmission

The sub transmission system consists of step-down

transformers, substations, and sub transmission
lines that connect bulk power substations to
distribution substations. In some cases, a sub
transmission line may be tapped, usually through a
circuit breaker, to supply a single-customer
distribution load such as a large industrial plant.
Typical sub transmission voltages range from 69 to
138 kV.
 Distribution substations

Distribution substations include step-down transformers (distribution

substation transformers) that decrease sub transmission voltages to
primary distribution voltages in the 2.2- to 46-kV range for local
distribution.
 These transformers connect through associated circuit breaker and
surge arrester protection to substation buses, which in turn connect
through circuit breakers to three-phase primary distribution lines called
distribution circuits or feeders.
 Each substation bus usually supplies several feeders. Typical
distribution substation ratings vary from 15 MVA for older substations
to 200 MVA or higher for newer installations.
 Distribution substations may also include equipment for regulating the
primary voltage, such as load tap changers (LTCs) on the distribution
substation transformers or separate voltage regulators.
 Distribution feeder ratings

Typical primary distribution feeder ratings include 4 MVA

for 4.16 kV, 12 MVA for 13.8 kV, 20 MVA for 22.9 kV, and
30 MVA for 34.5-kV feeders.
 Feeders are usually segregated into several three-phase
sections connected through sectionalizing fuses or switches.
 Each feeder section may have several single-phase laterals
connected to it through fuses.
 Three phase laterals may also be connected to the feeders
through fuses or reclosers.
Separate, dedicated primary feeders supply industrial or
large commercial loads.
 From distribution TO sub stations

Distribution of electric energy from distribution

substations to meters at customers’ premises has two
parts:
1. Primary distribution, which distributes energy in
the 2.2- to 46-Kv range from distribution substations
to distribution transformers, where the voltage is
stepped down to customer utilization levels.
2. Secondary distribution, which distributes energy
at customer utilization voltages of 120 to 480 V to
meters at customers’ premises.
 Distribution transformers

Distribution transformers connect the primary

system (11kv to 46 kV) to the secondary system (480
V and lower).
THANK YOU

ANY QUESTIONS ???