Stoichiometry

What is Stoichiometry?
• Stoichiometry was
first discovered by
Jeremias Richter, a
German chemist.
• Stoichiometry was
derived from
stoikheion, Greek for
"element", and
"metron", meaning
measure
 What is Stoichiometry?
• Stoichiometry is the calculations of
quantities of materials consumed and
produced in chemical reactions.

• Calculate the amount of reactants required

or product formed in a chemical reaction
 Why do we care?
• Ex: Making a cake
• How big is the cake you want make?
For 10 people , or 20 people?
• How much ingredients such as flour, sugar
needed to put in?
A Balanced Chemical equation is the recipe

• Coefficients tell you the relative # of moles

of reactants & products
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
1 mol 3 mol 2 mol
 Mole Ratio
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

Mole ratios are used as conversion factors

1 mol N 2 3 mol H 2
or or ???
3 mol H 2 1 mol N 2

2 mol NH3 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 3 mol H2

1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 3 mol H2 2 mol NH3
 Mole-Mole Calculations
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
• How many moles of NH3 can be produced
from 7.5 mol N2?
• How many moles of NH3 can be produced
from 1.6 mol H2?
 Problems
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
• How many moles of NH3 can be
produced from 7.5 mol N2?

7.5 mol N2 X 2 mol NH3 = 15. mol NH3

1 mol N2
 Problems
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
• How many moles of NH3 can be
produced from 1.6 mol H2?

1.6 mol H2 X 2 mol NH3 = 1.1 mol NH3

3 mol H2
 Do Now
• 5 mole of NaCl decomposes to how many
moles of Cl2 ?
2NaCl  2Na + Cl2
• 5 moles of oxygen combines with how
many moles of hydrogen in forming water?
2H2 + O2  2H2O
 Mass-Mole Problems
• If you know the mass of one substance,
you can find the mole of another
substance
• How?
– Use periodic table (PT) & balanced equation
(BE)
 Mass-Mole Problems
1. Balance equation (BE)
2. Convert given mass to moles using
molar mass from PT
3. Convert moles given to moles wanted
using mole ratio from BE
 Mole-Mass Problems

How many grams of Fe are needed to

react with 0.26 mole of O2?
4Fe +3O2  2Fe2O3
1. Convert 0.26 mole O2 to moles Fe
(BE)
2. Convert mol Fe to gram Fe (PT)
• Mass-mole worksheet
 Mass-Mass Problems
• If you know the mass of one substance,
you can find the mass of another
substance
• How?
– Use periodic table (PT) & balanced equation
(BE)
 Mass-Mass Problems
1. Balance equation (BE)
2. Convert given mass to moles using
molar mass from PT
3. Convert moles given to moles wanted
using mole ratio from BE
4. Convert moles wanted to grams using
molar mass from PT
 Mass-Mass Problems
How many grams of Cl2 are needed to
produce 63.2 g of KCl?
2K + Cl2  2KCl

1. Convert 63.2 g KCl to moles KCl (PT)

2. Convert mol KCl to mol Cl2 (BE)
3. Convert mol Cl2 to grams Cl2 (PT)
 Mass-Mass Problems
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2
If 58.4 g of Na react with water, how many
grams of H2 are produced?

Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + 2H2O

How many grams of H2SO4 are needed to
react with 14.8 g of Ca(OH)2?
 Mass-Volume Problems

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

1. If you have 30.2 g of Zn, what volume of

H2 is produced at STP?(1 mol of gas =
22.4 L)

2. What mass of HCl is needed to react with

zinc to form 4.9 L of H2 at STP?
 Volume-Volume Problem
• How many liters of NO are produced when
1.40 L of oxygen reacts with ammonia
(NH3)?
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
 Particle-Mass Problem
• How many molecules of oxygen are
produced by the decomposition of
6.54 g of potassium chlorate?
2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
Roadmap
• Mass-mass worksheet
• We have been working on problems where
we are given the amount of ONE reactant.
• If we are given the amount of TWO
reactants, which reactant should be used
in the calculation?
• Two approaches –by comparing reactants
or by comparing products
 Grilled Cheese Sandwich
Bread + Cheese  ‘Cheese Melt’
2B + C  B2C
100 slices 30 slices  ? sandwiches

How many sandwiches can be made?

Which one is used up? Bread or cheese ?
Which one is left over? Bread or cheese?
 Limiting & Excess Reactant
• Generally when a reaction takes place,
there is an excess of one or more of the
reactants
• Limiting reactant runs out first
– Limits or determines amount of product
produced
• Excess reactant is not all used up and will
be left over
 Grilled Cheese Sandwich
Bread + Cheese  ‘Cheese Melt’
2B + C  B2C
100 bread 30 slices ? sandwiches

Which is the limiting reactant?

Which is the excess reactant?
 Two Approaches
• By comparing reactants
• By comparing products
Steps taken by comparing reactants:
• Based on 100 slices of bread …
50 slices of cheese needed 
there are only 30 slices 
Not enough cheese!
• Based on 30 slices of cheese…
30 sandwiches can be made
only 60 slices of bread needed 
there are 100 slices of bread
40 slices of bread leftover
 Limiting Reactant

Steps by comparing reactants:

1. Balance the equation
2. Pick one reactant & convert it to moles of the
other reactant needed (from the BE and PT
if involved gram)
3. Compare the amount needed with the
amount given to determine limiting or
excess reactant.
4. Use limiting reactant to solve the rest of
the problem
5. One of the problems in Final.
How many moles of SO3 are produced by
the reaction of 0.25 mol of sulfur dioxide
with 0.25 mol of oxygen?
2SO2+ O2  2SO3
• Which one is the limiting reactant?
• Which one is the excess reactant?
• How many moles of the excess reactant
leftover?
 2SO2 + O2  2SO3
0.25 mol 0.25 mol ? mol

0.25mol X 1 mol O2 = 0.125 mol

SO2 2 mol SO2 O2 NEEDED
BE
O2
GIVEN 0.25 mol > 0.125 mol NEEDED
EXCESS reactant
LEFTOVER 0.25-0.125= 0.125 mole
SO2 LIMITING reactant
 2SO2 + O2  2SO3
0.25 mol 0.25 mol

0.25mol X 2 mol SO3 = 0.25 mol SO3

SO2 2 mol SO2
BE

Done with two steps!!

However, if you pick the other
reactant…
 2SO2 + O2  2SO3
0.25 mol 0.25 mol

0.25mol X 2 mol SO2 = 0.5 mol SO2

O2 1 mol O2 NEEDED
BE
SO2
GIVEN 0.25 mol < 0.5 mol NEEDED
Not enough!!
LIMITING reactant
LEFTOVER 0.25-0.125= 0.125 mole
O2 EXCESS reactant
 2SO2 + O2  2SO3
0.25 mol 0.25 mol

0.25mol X 2 mol SO3 = 0.25 mol SO3

SO2 2 mol SO2
BE
 2SO2 + O2  2SO3
0.25 mol 0.25 mol ? mol

0.25mol X 1 mol O2 = 0.125 mol

SO2 2 mol SO2 O2 USED
BE
O2
LEFTOVER 0.25-0.125= 0.125 mole
Done with three steps!!
 Recap
• For a complete stoichiometry question
i.e., limiting/excess reactants, amount of
products, amount of leftover
• You can solve the problem in three steps
or two steps if you are lucky!
• Limiting with moles ws
 Limiting Reactant Problems
If 55.0 g of Ca react with 12.0 g of O2,
how many grams of CaO are produced?
2Ca + O2  2CaO
The first thing you always do is find moles!

Molar Masses:
Ca = 40.08 g/mol
O2= 32.00 g/mol
CaO=56.08 g/mol
 • If 55.0 g of Ca react with 12.0 g of O 2, how many grams
of CaO are produced?
2Ca + O2  2CaO

55g Ca X 1 mol Ca = 1.37 mol Ca

40.08 g
PT
12.0 g O2 X 1 mol O2 = 0.375 mol O2
32.00 g O2
PT
 • If 55.0 g of Ca react with 12.0 g of O2,
how many grams of CaO are produced?
2Ca + O2  2CaO
Find amt. of O2 needed to react with 1.37 mol of Ca:

1.37 mol Ca X 1 mol O2 = .685 mol O2

2 mol Ca needed

Initial amount of O2 = .375 mol

This is not enough O2.
O2 is the limiting reactant
Ca is the excess reactant.
 • If 55.0 g of Ca react with 12.0 g of O2,
how many grams of CaO are produced?
2Ca + O2  2CaO
Use the initial moles of limiting reactant to
determine the amount of product.

.375 mol O2 X 2 mol CaO X 56.08=g CaO = 42.1 g CaO

1 mol CaO produced
1 mol O2

Now, determine how much of the excess reactant, Ca,

remains after the reaction has occurred.
 • If 55.0 g of Ca reacts with 12.0 g of O2,
how much excess reactant remains?
2Ca + O2  2CaO

Determine the amount of excess reactant used up

in reacting with the 12.0 g of O2.

12.0 g O2 X 1 mol O2 X 2 mol Ca X =40.08 g Ca

= 30.06 g Ca
=
32.00 g O2 1 mol O2 used
1 mol Ca

Initial amount of Ca = 55.0 g

Excess amount of Ca = 55.0 g – 30.1 g = 24.9 g Ca
By comparing products:
• Based on 100 slices of bread…
50 sandwiches can be made.
• Based on 30 slices of cheese…
30 sandwiches can be made.  Real
• Which is less? 30 sandwiches!

30 sandwiches can be made

only 60 slices of bread needed 
there are 100 slices of bread
40 slices of bread left.
 Limiting Reactant
Steps by comparing products:
1. Balance the equation
2. Convert both reactants from grams to
moles (using the PT)
3. Convert both reactants to moles of the
product of interest. (from the BE)
4. Determine limiting reactant (the one makes
less mole of the product)
5. Use limiting reactant to solve the rest of
problem.
6. One of the problems in Final.
 Limiting Reactant Problems
If 55.0 g of Ca react with 12.0 g of O2,
how many grams of CaO are produced?
2Ca + O2  2CaO

Molar Masses:
Ca = 40.08 g/mol
O2= 32.00 g/mol
CaO=56.08 g/mol
 • If 55.0 g of Ca react with 12.0 g of O 2, how many grams
of CaO are produced?
2Ca + O2  2CaO

55g Ca X 1 mol Ca = 1.37 mol Ca

40.08 g
PT
12.0 g O2 X 1 mol O2 = 0.375 mol O2
32.00 g O2
PT
convert both to moles of the product CaO
using the BE.
 BE

1.37 mol Ca X 2 molCaO = 1.37 mol CaO

2 mol Ca produced

0.375 mol O2 X 2 molCaO = 0.75 mol CaO

1mol O2 produced
BE
Which produces less CaO?
O2 is the limiting reactant.

Ca is the excess reactant.

Continue the calculation based on the limiting
reactant to determine how many grams of product
produced.

PT

.75 mol CaO X 56.08 g CaO = 42.1 g CaO

produced
1 mol CaO

Now, determine how many grams of the excess

reactant Ca left over after the reaction.
Use the initial moles of limiting reactant to
determine the amount of excess reactant left over.

BE PT

.375 mol O2 X 2 mol Ca X 40 g Ca

= = 30 g Ca
1 mol O2 1 mol Ca used

55g-30g=25g of Ca left over

 • If 55.0 g of Ca reacts with 12.0 g of O2,
how much excess reactant remains?
2Ca + O2  2CaO

Determine the amount of excess reactant used up

in reacting with the 12.0 g of O2.

12.0 g O2 X 1 mol O2 X 2 mol Ca X =40.08 g Ca

= 30.06 g Ca
=
32.00 g O2 1 mol O2 used
1 mol Ca

Initial amount of Ca = 55.0 g

Excess amount of Ca = 55.0 g – 30.1 g = 24.9 g Ca
 Limiting Reactant Problems

Ammonia is produced by the following

reaction: N2 + H2  NH3
• What mass of ammonia can be
produced from a mixture of 100 g N2
and 50.0 g H2 ?
• What is the limiting reactant? Excess
reactant?
• How much excess reactant remains?
 Recap
• For a complete stoichiometry question
i.e., limiting/excess reactants, amount of
products, amount of leftover
• You solve the problem in three steps!!
• If only product asked (no leftover asked)
then two steps.
• You may find this approach more straight
forward especially in mass to mass case.
 What happened in the reactor?
55g of Ca 25g of Ca

12g of O2 0g of O2
42g of CaO

Notice: 67 g in  67g out

WHY?
Note: Mole is not conserved!!
 What happened in the reactor?
55g of Ca 25g of Ca
12g of O2  0g of O2
42g of CaO

Notice: 67 g in  67g out

Only three compounds involved in output
If you know two you may get the third
i.e.
The leftover of Ca = 67g-42g =25g
 HW
• Limiting reactant worksheets
 % Yield

actual yield
% yield   100%
theoretical yield

• Actual yield: experimental value (your data)

• Theoretical yield: calculated value (what you should
get, what we have been calculating ..)
• Actual yield should be less than theoretical yield
 % Yield
• Always less than 100%
• Why?
• Reactions do not go to completion
• Competing side reactions form unwanted
products
• Reversed reaction can also occurs
 % Yield & % Error

actual - theoretical
X 100%
% error= theoretical

actual yield
% yield   100%
theoretical yield
 % Yield
• If the actual yield for a product is 15.43g
and the theoretical yield is 18.15g, what is
the % yield?
• (15.43/18.15) x 100%
 Problem
• Calcium carbonate is decomposed by
heating:
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
What is the theoretical yield of CaO,
if 24.8 g CaCO3 is heated?
What is the percent yield if 13.1 g of CaO is
produced?
 Summary
Flow chart
End of Chap 9
 Air Bag Design

• Exact quantity of nitrogen gas must be

produced in an instant.
• Use a catalyst to speed up the reaction
 “In solving a problem of this
sort, the grand thing is to be
able to reason backward. This is
a very useful accomplishment,
and a very easy one, but people
do not practice it much.”

Sherlock Holmes, in Sir Arthur Conan

Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet
 Airbag Design
2 NaN3(s)  2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)
6 Na(s) + Fe2O3(s)  3 Na2O(s) + 2 Fe (s)
• Assume that 65.1 L of N2 gas are needed to
inflate an air bag to the proper size.
• How many grams of NaN3 must be included
in the bag to generate this amount of N 2?
• (Hint: The density of N2 gas at this
temperature is about 0.916 g/L).
 Water from a Camel
Camels store the fat tristearin (C57H110O6) in the hump. As well as
being a source of energy, the fat is a source of water, because when
it is used the reaction takes place. What mass of water can be made from
1.0 kg of fat?

2 C57H110O6(s) + 163 O2(g)  114 CO2(g) + 110 H2O(l)

1 kg ‘fat” ? g H2O

(1000 g ‘fat’) (1 mol “fat”) (110 mol H2O) (18 g H2O)

1 kg ‘fat” X (1 kg ‘fat’) (890 g ‘fat’) (2 mol ‘fat’) (1 mol H 2O)

1112 g H2O or 1.112 liters water

 Water in Space

In the space shuttle, the CO2 that the crew exhales is removed from the
•
air by a reaction within canisters of lithium hydroxide. On average, each
astronaut exhales about 20.0 mol of CO2 daily. What volume of water will
be produced when this amount of CO2 reacts with an excess of LiOH?
(Hint: The density of water is about 1.00 g/mL.)

CO2(g) + 2 LiOH(s)  Li2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)

20.0 mol excess xg

X mL H2O = 20.0 mol CO2 (1 mol H2O) (18 g H2O) (1 mL H2O)

(1 mol CO2) (1 mol H2O) (1 g H2O)

X = 360 mL H2O
 Mass-Volume Problems

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

1. If you have 30.2 g of Zn, what volume of

H2 is produced at STP?

2. What mass of HCl is needed to react with

zinc to form 4.9 L of H2 at STP?
 Volume-Volume Problem
• How many liters of NO are produced when
1.40 L of oxygen reacts with ammonia
(NH3)?
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
 Particle-Mass Problem
• How many molecules of oxygen are
produced by the decomposition of
6.54 g of potassium chlorate?
2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
Test tube #1
0.0009 mol NaI x 1mol PbI2 =0.00045 mole PbI2
2 mol NaI
↑
excess
0.0001 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol PbI2 = 0.0001 mol PbI2
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
↑
limiting

1ml Pb(NO3)2 x 2 mol NaI = 2 ml NaI

1 mol Pb(NO3)2

There are 9 ml NaI, 9-2 ml=7ml leftover.

Test tube #2
0.0008 mol NaI x 1mol PbI2 =0.0004 mole PbI2
2 mol NaI
↑
excess
0.0002 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol PbI2 = 0.0002 mol PbI2
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
↑
limiting

2ml Pb(NO3)2 x 2 mol NaI = 4 ml NaI

1 mol Pb(NO3)2

There are 8 ml NaI, 8-4 ml= 4ml leftover.

Test tube #3
0.0007 mol NaI x 1mol PbI2 =0.00035 mole PbI2
2 mol NaI
↑
excess
0.0003 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol PbI2 = 0.0003 mol PbI2
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
↑
limiting

3ml Pb(NO3)2 x 2 mol NaI = 6 ml NaI

1 mol Pb(NO3)2

There are 7 ml NaI, 7-6 ml= 1ml leftover.

Test tube #4
0.0006 mol NaI x 1mol PbI2 = 0.0003 mole PbI2
↑ 2 mol NaI
limiting

0.0004 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol PbI2 = 0.0004 mol PbI2

↑
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
excess
6 ml NaI x 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 = 3 ml Pb(NO3)2
2 mol NaI

There are 4 ml Pb(NO3)2 4-3 ml= 1ml leftover.

Test tube #5
0.0005 mol NaI x 1mol PbI2 = 0.00025 mole PbI2
↑ 2 mol NaI
limiting

0.0005 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol PbI2 = 0.0005 mol PbI2

↑
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
excess
5 ml NaI x 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 = 2.5 ml Pb(NO3)2
2 mol NaI

There are 5 ml Pb(NO3)2 5-2.5 ml= 2.5ml leftover.

Test tube #6
0.0004 mol NaI x 1mol PbI2 = 0.0002 mole PbI2
↑ 2 mol NaI
limiting

0.0006 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol PbI2 = 0.0006 mol PbI2

↑
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
excess
4 ml NaI x 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 = 2 ml Pb(NO3)2
2 mol NaI

There are 6 ml Pb(NO3)2 6-2 ml= 4 ml leftover.

Test tube #7
0.0003 mol NaI x 1mol PbI2 = 0.00015 mole PbI2
↑ 2 mol NaI
limiting

0.0007 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol PbI2 = 0.0007 mol PbI2

↑
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
excess
3 ml NaI x 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 = 1.5 ml Pb(NO3)2
2 mol NaI

There are 7 ml Pb(NO3)2 7-1.5 ml= 5.5 ml leftover.

Test tube #8
0.0002 mol NaI x 1mol PbI2 = 0.0001 mole PbI2
↑ 2 mol NaI
limiting

0.0008 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol PbI2 = 0.0008 mol PbI2

↑
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
excess
2 ml NaI x 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 = 1 ml Pb(NO3)2
2 mol NaI

There are 8 ml Pb(NO3)2 8-1 ml= 7 ml leftover.

Test tube #9
0.0001 mol NaI x 1mol PbI2 = 0.00005 mole PbI2
↑ 2 mol NaI
limiting

0.0009 mol Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mol PbI2 = 0.0009 mol PbI2

↑
1 mol Pb(NO3)2
excess
1 ml NaI x 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 = 0.5 ml Pb(NO3)2
2 mol NaI

There are 9 ml Pb(NO3)2 9-0.5 ml= 8.5 ml leftover.