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Limits of Function - BASIC CAL

The document discusses limits and their development in calculus. It provides examples of limits in everyday language and mathematically. Key points include: - Archimedes of Syracuse developed the idea of limits in the 3rd century BC to calculate volumes by dividing figures into smaller pieces. - A limit describes the value a function approaches as the input gets closer to a number without reaching it. - For a limit to exist, the function must approach the same number from both sides of the input value. If it approaches different numbers, the limit does not exist.

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94 views

Limits of Function - BASIC CAL

The document discusses limits and their development in calculus. It provides examples of limits in everyday language and mathematically. Key points include: - Archimedes of Syracuse developed the idea of limits in the 3rd century BC to calculate volumes by dividing figures into smaller pieces. - A limit describes the value a function approaches as the input gets closer to a number without reaching it. - For a limit to exist, the function must approach the same number from both sides of the input value. If it approaches different numbers, the limit does not exist.

Uploaded by

Rawrrawr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIMITS

BASIC CALCULUS
DID YOU KNOW THAT…
THE FIRST TO DEVELOP THE IDEA OF LIMITS WAS
ARCHIMEDES OF SYRACUSE WHEN HE
CALCULATED THE VOLUME OF A SPHERE USING
CURVED FIGURES IN THE 3RD CENTURY B.C. HE
CARVED FIGURES INTO SMALL PIECES THAT CAN
BE APPROXIMATED, THEN INCREASED THE
NUMBER OF PIECES. THE LIMIT OF THE SUM OF
THE PIECES WAS USED TO COMPUTE FOR THE
DESIRED QUANTITY. HIS WORK, HOWEVER, WAS
UNKNOWN UNTIL THE 20TH CENTURY.
IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE, PEOPLE
REFER TO A SPEED LIMIT, A
WRESTLER’S WEIGHT LIMIT, THE
LIMIT OF ONE’S ENDURANCE, OR
STRETCHING A SPRING TO ITS LIMIT.
THESE PHRASES ALL SUGGEST THAT
A LIMIT IS A BOUND, WHICH ON SOME
OCCASIONS MAY NOT BE REACHED
BUT ON OTHER OCCASIONS MAY BE
REACHED OR EXCEEDED.
CONSIDER A SPRING THAT WILL BREAK ONLY WHEN
A WEIGHT OF 10 POUNDS OR MORE IS ATTACHED.
TO DETERMINE HOW FAR THE SPRING
WILL STRETCH WITHOUT BREAKING,
YOU COULD ATTACH INCREASINGLY
HEAVIER WEIGHTS AND MEASURE THE
SPRING LENGTH S FOR EACH WEIGHT W.
IF THE SPRING LENGTH APPROACHES A
VALUE OF L, THEN IT IS SAID THAT
“the limit of s as w approaches 10 is L”

A MATHEMATICAL LIMIT IS MUCH LIKE THE LIMIT OF A SPRING.


LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
3 IMPORTANT IDEAS TO LEARN:
 Saying that the limit of f(x) approaches L as x approaches
c means that the value of f(x) may be made very close to
the number L by choosing x closer and closer to c.
 If f(x) approaches the same number from either side of c,
then the limit of f(x) as x approaches c exists. However,
if f(x) approaches a different number from the right side
of c than it does from the left side, then the limit of f(x)
as x approaches c does not exist.
 The value of f(x) when x = c has no bearing on the
existence or nonexistence of the limit of f(x) as x
approaches c.
EXAMPLE:
 
AQUAMARINE WATER COMPANY SUPPLIES THE

WATER NEEDS OF RESIDENTS OF A BARANGAY. IT


CHARGES PHP 350 PER MONTH FOR WATER
CONSUMPTION OF AT MOST 30 CUBIC METERS. IF
THE CONSUMPTION EXCEEDS 30 , IT CHARGES A
FIXED RATE OF PHP 10 PER CUBIC METERS AND AN
ADDITIONAL PHP 50 FOR OTHER CHARGES. WHAT
IS THE BILLING CHARGE AS THE WATER
CONSUMPTION NEARS 30 ?
CAN YOU SET UP A FUNCTION THAT
REPRESENTS THE CONDITIONS IN THE
GIVEN PROBLEM? IF YES, WHAT KIND OF
FUNCTION IS IT?
CAN YOU USE TABLE OF VALUES TO
ANALYZE THE GIVEN PROBLEM?
CAN YOU APPLY THE CONCEPT OF
LIMITS?
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
BASICALLY, THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION DESCRIBES
HOW A FUNCTION BEHAVES AS THE INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE GETS CLOSER TO A CERTAIN NUMBER. IF
WE LET THE VALUES OF THE INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE APPROACH A CERTAIN FIXED NUMBER,
THE BASIC QUESTIONS ASKED ARE:
1. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE VALUES OF THE
FUNCTION?
2. WILL THEY ALSO APPROACH A FIXED NUMBER?
LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
 
The limit of a function f(x) is the value it

approaches as the value of x approaches a certain


value.
“As x approaches a, the limit of f(x) approaches
L”
 Example 1: Find
Table 1:

x 3 3.5 4 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.9 4.999


F(x) 1 1.5 2 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.999

Table 2:

x 7 6.5 6 5.9 5.7 5.3 5.1 5.01 5.001


F(x) 5 4.5 4 3.9 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.01 3.001
(5, 3)
 
Evaluate

, where

for all real numbers x


  

Determine if exists.

there is no single number to


which the values of f(x)
approach as x gets closer and
closer to 0
the required limit does not
exist
ONE-SIDED LIMITS
 
limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the

right

limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the


left
  

Determine if exists.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=𝟑
 

𝒙→𝟒

We see that as the value of x gets closer to the


number 4 on the x-axis, the value of f(x) gets
closer and closer to the number 3 on the y-axis.
We then say that the limit of f(x) as x
approaches 4 is the number 3.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈 ( 𝒙 )=− 𝟐
 

𝒙→𝟑

As x gets closer and closer to the number 3


from both sides, g(x) approaches the
number – 2 although g(3) does not exist.
Hence, the limit of g(x) as x approaches 3 is
– 2.
𝐥𝐢𝐦
 
𝒉 ( 𝒙 )=𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝒙→𝟏

As x approaches the number 1 from the left (for x < 1), the
value of h(x) approaches 2. On the other hand, as x gets closer
and closer to 1 from the right (for x > 1), the function value
approaches the number 4. We see a break in the graph of h(x)
at x = 1. Since the function values approach two values as x
gets closer and closer to 1, then we say that the limit of the
function does not exist.
  𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 ( 𝒙 )=
𝒙→𝟐 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦
  𝒌 ( 𝒙 )= 𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝒙→𝟎

As x approaches the number 1 from the left (for x < 1), the
value of h(x) approaches 2. On the other hand, as x gets closer
and closer to 1 from the right (for x > 1), the function value
approaches the number 4. We see a break in the graph of h(x)
at x = 1. Since the function values approach two values as x
gets closer and closer to 1, then we say that the limit of the
function does not exist.
  
(a)
 
(b)

(c)

(d)
 
(e)

(f)
 lim (2 𝑥+5)
𝑥 →2

x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1


F(x)              

lim
  (𝑥 2 −3 𝑥 +1)
𝑥 →2

x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1


F(x)              
  𝑥−2
lim 2
𝑥 →2 𝑥 − 4

x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1


F(x)              

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