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Lab 11

This document describes experiments on undervoltage and overvoltage protection of a generator. It discusses causes of undervoltages and overvoltages, and how undervoltage and overvoltage relays protect systems by operating when voltages go below or above preset values. The document also outlines the apparatus, components, procedures, wiring diagram, and sequence of operation for the experiments.

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Rasheed Shah
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93 views32 pages

Lab 11

This document describes experiments on undervoltage and overvoltage protection of a generator. It discusses causes of undervoltages and overvoltages, and how undervoltage and overvoltage relays protect systems by operating when voltages go below or above preset values. The document also outlines the apparatus, components, procedures, wiring diagram, and sequence of operation for the experiments.

Uploaded by

Rasheed Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

EXPERIMENTS
 

EXPERIMENT # 11
OBJECTIVE:

To study the Undervoltage and


Overvoltage Protection of
Generator (CLO 1)
CAUSES OF UNDER VOLTAGES
Voltage drop in the generator generally can be
caused by the following reasons
• Due to the interruption of the generators power
production operating mode
• In case the consumed power is greater than the
power produced by the generator
• In case, if the generator parameters remain
constant even when the load increases
UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

• To protect our system from these under voltages we


use undervoltage relays.
• Undervoltage relay is a relay designed to operate
when its coil voltage goes below a predetermined or
preset value.
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
CAUSES OF OVERVOLTAGES

The overvoltages on the power station generators can be mainly


caused in the following situations
• In case of interruption of the power delivery by the generators
• In case the generator produce more power than the load
consumes
• Large load is being disconnected from the system
• In case, if due to the external short circuit the generator is
disconnected from the grid
OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION
• To protect our system from over voltages we use overvoltage
relays.

• Overvoltage relay is a relay designed to operate when its coil


voltage goes above a predetermined or preset value
OVER VOLTAGE RELAY
INGRESS PROTECTION (IP CLASS)

• It classify the degree of protection provided against intrusion of solid


and liquid objects in electrical enclosure.

Representation of Ingress Protection


• IP class is mainly followed by two digits
• The first digit stands for the level of protection that enclosure provide
against solid bodies.
• The second digit describe the degree of protection against the liquids.

Example
If we write IP 44 then first “4” represents the solids ( upto or greater
than 1mm objects) and 2nd digit “4” represents the liquid (Splashing water).
APPARATUS
• NI Trainer
• Connecting Wires
• Labview Software
• Switch Gear
• Generator Block
• Under Voltage Relay
• Overvoltage Relay
• Time Relay
• Indicating Relay 1 and 2
• Auxiliary Relay
• Auxiliary Multi Relay
COMPONENTS
SWITCHGEAR

• It is combination of electrical disconnect switches,


fuses or circuit breakers. It is used for switching ,
controlling and protecting the electrical circuits
and equipments.
• Switchgear is used both to energize and de-
energize equipment to allow work to be done and
to clear faults .
• It also provides isolation of circuit from power
supplies.
AUXILIARY RELAY

Auxiliary Relay is used where it is necessary to open or close


several circuits simultaneously.
Auxiliary relay is a relay that assists another relay or device in
performing an action.

Auxiliary Multi Relay


It connects the different circuits. It can not be seen on
software. It has just role of intermediate relay.It has 4 relays.
AUXILIARY RELAY
AUXILIARY MULTI RELAY

AUXILIARY MULTI RELAY


TIME RELAY

• Time relays are used in the relay protection to create an


adjustable time delay when tripped, providing the
necessary sequence of operation of the circuit elements.
• Time relay is an auxiliary element in the relay protection
circuits and is intended to obtained a controllable time
delay.
• These can be constructed to delay armature motion on coil
energization and de-energization or both.
TIME RELAY
GENERATOR
BLOCK

It contains generator and


motor
Generator Rating
 12 V
 Max output Power 1461 W

Motor
IP 44
Power 0.37 kW
COMPONENTS ON TRAINER
CONTROL AND INDICATORS

• Generator Set point


Used to adjust the excitation current of
Generator.

• Generator Voltage
Shows the voltage generated by Generator.
PROCEDURE

To investigate the protection in the Generator tab, the following


steps should be done:
• Remove from the stand all the components that are not used in
this lab.
• Put the following components on the stand: Switchgear,
Auxiliary Multi Relay , Undervoltage Relay, Overvoltage relay
,Time Relay, Auxiliary Relay, Indicating Relay, Generator Block.
• Open lab from ERP folder in the software
• Assemble the scheme of the connections according to table.
• Turn on the main supply on the trainer.
PROCEDURE

• Turn on the component of the Switchgear on the


stand manually or remotely by the software.
• Turn on the component of the Generator Block on
the stand manually or remotely by the software
• By changing the value of set point on UV and OV
relay take different readings.
WIRING ON ERP TRAINER
COMPONENTS ON SOFTWARE
( BLOCK DIAGRAM)
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
While doing the lab, when the protection of the lab is operating, the components of
the protection circuit are connected in the following order:

 The setpoints of the Undervoltage Relay and the Overvoltage Relay must be as
follows: the setpoint of the Undervoltage Relay must be less than the setpoint of
the Overvoltage Relay and after running the software the voltage generated with
the generator must be more than the setpoint of the Undervoltage Relay and less
than the setpoint of the Overvoltage Relay.

 When the voltage generated with the Generator is less than the setpoint of the
undervoltage Relay, the undervoltage relay is tripped, as a result its 1-3 contacts
are closed.

 The Time relay is tripped and its 1-2 contacts are closed.

 The Indicating Relay 1 and the Auxiliary Relay are tripped in parallel, as a result
its 1-2 and 3-4 contacts are opened.
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
 The Switchgear Protection and the Generator Protection start operating, as a
result the power of the whole circuit is switched off.
 When the voltage generated with the Generator is more than the setpoint of the
Overvoltage Relay, the Overvoltage relay is tripped, as a result its 1-3 contacts
are closed.
 The Indicating Relay 2 and the Auxiliary Relay are tripped in parallel, as a result
its 1-2 contacts are open
 The Switchgear Protection starts operating, as a result its 1-2 contacts are
opened.
 The power of the whole circuit is switched off
For Restarting the Lab

• To restart the lab and take different readings, it’s


necessary to turn on the Switchgear 1, reset the
flag, and the voltage generated with the Generator
should be more than the Undervoltage relay
setpoint. Only after this, the lab will start operating .
RESULTS / READINGS

Undervoltage 07 v
relay set point

Generator set 0.29 A


point

Generator voltage 6.54 V


THE END

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