Tomographic Imaging in Aditya
Tokamak
Nitin Jain
DivyaDrishti, Nuclear Engineering and Technology Programme
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
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Acknowledgements
• Prof. Prabhat Munshi
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
• Dr. C. V. S. Rao
Institute for Plasma Research Gandhinagar
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Outline
1. Energy Demands : Increasing
2. Near Term Solution : Fission
3. Long Term Solution : Fusion
4. Confinement of Plasma : Major Issues
– Instabilities and Impurities
5. Online Feedback Needed for “Selective” Heating
6. Stable Power Supply from Fusion Reactor
Role of tomography is in step 5
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(1) D+D → T (1.01 MeV) + p (3.03
Fusion
MeV)
(2) D+D → He3 (0.82 MeV) + n (2.45
MeV)
(3) D+T → He4 (3.52 MeV) + n (14.06
MeV)
(4) D + He3 → He4 (3.67 MeV) + p (14.67
MeV)
For(5) Li6 + n → T + Hecross
+ (4.8 MeV)
4
D-T reaction: Largest section
(6) Energy
Li7 + n → T + Hereleased
4 highest
+ n – (2.5 MeV)
Why is fusion power attractive?
• Fuel is widely available
• Reaction is relatively clean
• Low cost
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Thermo Nuclear Fusion
• D-T mixture to be heated to 100 million degrees in order to
overcome Coulomb repulsion
• Why Plasma is required?
• Necessary conditions for fusion
• Temperature
• Density
• Confinement
These simultaneous conditions are represented by a fourth state of
matter called PLASMA.
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Fusion Reactor
An electric power plant based upon a fusion reactor
Plasma Confinement
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Magnetic Confinement: Tokamak
• A tokamak is a plasma
confinement device invented in
the 1950s
• Plasma is confined here by
magnetic fields.
• The magnetic fields in a tokamak
are produced by a combination of
Courtesy: www.jet.efda.org
currents flowing in external coils Magnetic circuit of JET tokamak
and currents flowing within the
plasma itself
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Experimental tokamaks: Currently in operation
• T-10, in Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia (formerly Soviet Union); 2 MW; 1975
• TEXTOR, in Jülich, Germany; 1978
• Joint European Torus (JET), in Culham, United Kingdom; 16 MW; 1983
• CASTOR in Prague, Czech Republic; 1983 after reconstruction from Soviet TM-1-MH
• JT-60, in Naka, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan; 1985
• STOR-M, University of Saskatchewan; Canada 1987; first demonstration of alternating
current in a tokamak.
• Tore Supra, at the CEA, Cadarache, France; 1988
• Aditya, at Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) in Gujarat, India; 1989
• DIII-D,[4] in San Diego, USA; operated by General Atomics since the late 1980s
• FTU, in Frascati, Italy; 1990
• ASDEX Upgrade, in Garching, Germany; 1991
• Alcator C-Mod, MIT, Cambridge, USA; 1992
• Tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), at the EPFL, Switzerland; 1992
• TCABR, at the University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; this tokamak was
transferred from Centre des Recherches en Physique des Plasmas in Switzerland;
1994.
• HT-7, in Hefei, China; 1995
• MAST, in Culham, United Kingdom; 1999
• UCLA Electric Tokamak, in Los Angeles, United States; 1999
• EAST (HT-7U), in Hefei, China; 2006
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Experimental tokamaks: Planned
• KSTAR, in Daejon, South Korea; start of operation expected in 2008
• ITER, in Cadarache, France; 500 MW; start of operation expected in 2016
• SST-1, in Institute for Plasma Research Gandhinagar, India; 1000 seconds operation;
currently being assembled
ITER
Official objective
"demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion
energy for peaceful purposes"
Participants
European Union (EU), India, Japan, People's Republic of China, Russia, South
Korea, and USA
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Indian Nuclear Fusion Program: Aditya Tokamak
Courtesy: www.ipr.res.in
Major radius = 0.75 m
Minor radius = 0.25 m
Maximum toroidal magnetic field = 1.2 T
Currents = 80-100 kA
Plasma discharges duration ~ 100 ms
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Problems in Confinement of Plasma
• Plasma Instabilities
• Impurities
• How do we measure impurities in plasma?
• Can we see various plasma instabilities non-invasively?
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Role of Plasma Tomography in Fusion
• Tomography is the only tool to give non-invasive point wise information
about instabilities
• Diagnostics paint a picture of plasma evolution
Diagnostics Measurement Information
Soft x-ray X-ray emissivity contours Thermal instability, tearing modes, Sawtooth
tomography activity, internal disruptions, &
Major disruptions
Microwave Phase change through Evolution of electron density
interferometer plasma
Optical tomography Visible radiation profile Density profile modification & micro instability
stabilization
Hard X-ray Fast electron production Steady state operation of tokamaks & LHCD
tomography and confinement performance
Gamma-ray -ray emission profile Radial distribution of fast ions
tomography
Neutron tomography Generation and volume Fish-bone instability, burst of neutron emission
distribution of neutrons & fusion reaction monitoring
Bolometry Radiation profile and radial Radiative instability, MARFE, & MERFE
tomography distribution
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Soft X-ray Tomography
Soft x-ray tomography gives measure of
Plasma density
Temperature of Plasma
Impurities in Plasma
Determination of position and shape of
Plasma
Determination of radial current distribution
Courtesy: www.jet.efda.org
These X-rays are utilized to study MHD
Phenomena
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Chord Segment Inversion (CSI) Algorithm
L max
f p, g r, ds L j 1
L p , L j
k
L k j
d g r , ds
j 1
C C
L 0
B B
L o
Plasma
m
dk Sk , j g j k 1,2,......., m Detectors
j 1
j th ring ( j 1)th ring
S k , j = length of the segment of the k th ray falling in j th ring
= BC BC
g j = average value of g in j thring
m = number of rings assumed within the object.
If the emissivity is circularly symmetric, g will be a function of r alone.
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Chord Segment Inversion (CSI) Algorithm
d S g
Where
d d m , d m 1,..........d1 Data vector
Emissivity
[ g ] g m , g m 1 ,..........g1 vector
Sm, n 0 0
S S m 1, m 1
m 1, m
S
S1, m S 2, m 1 S1,1
g S 1 d
• Reconstructed emissivity values from CSI algorithm are fitted in
phenomenological curve
r2
g (r ) g (0) 1 2
a
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Results: Radial Profile of Emissivity
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Emissivity Reconstructed Images
(Shot # 13127)
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Variation of Emissivity with Time
(Shot # 13127)
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Emissivity, Alpha and Plasma current w.r.t. Time
(Shot # 13127)
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Conclusions
• Experimental results indicate a successful adaptation of the
tomography technique for the analysis of events occurring during a
plasma discharge
• Reconstructed profiles can be used to study the sawtooth instability,
major and minor disruptions, impurity transport, and the phenomena
following pellet injection
• Profile peakedness parameter () can be used to predict information
about the evolution phase of the discharge and termination phase
• CSI algorithm has given very good results in reconstruction of
emissivity and can be used for real time tomography in fusion
experiments
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Thank You
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