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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7 Edition System Buses

This document discusses computer system buses. It describes how buses connect different computer components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices to allow communication and data transfer. Buses can be single or multiple and use various architectures like dedicated address/data lines or multiplexed lines. The document also covers bus arbitration which is needed when multiple devices want to control the bus simultaneously.

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Murtaza Jamali
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71 views39 pages

William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7 Edition System Buses

This document discusses computer system buses. It describes how buses connect different computer components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices to allow communication and data transfer. Buses can be single or multiple and use various architectures like dedicated address/data lines or multiplexed lines. The document also covers bus arbitration which is needed when multiple devices want to control the bus simultaneously.

Uploaded by

Murtaza Jamali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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William Stallings

Computer Organization
and Architecture
7th Edition

Chapter 3
System Buses
What is a program?
• A sequence of steps
• For each step, an arithmetic or logical
operation is done
• For each operation, a different set of
control signals is needed
Computer Components:
Top Level View
Instruction Cycle
• Two steps:
—Fetch
—Execute
Fetch Cycle
• Program Counter (PC) holds address of
next instruction to fetch
• Processor fetches instruction from
memory location pointed to by PC
• Increment PC
—Unless told otherwise
• Instruction loaded into Instruction
Register (IR)
• Processor interprets instruction and
performs required actions
Execute Cycle
• Processor-memory
—data transfer between CPU and main memory
• Processor I/O
—Data transfer between CPU and I/O module
• Data processing
—Some arithmetic or logical operation on data
• Control
—Alteration of sequence of operations
—e.g. jump
• Combination of above
Example of Program Execution
Instruction Cycle State Diagram
Interrupts
• Mechanism by which other modules (e.g.
I/O) may interrupt normal sequence of
processing
• Program
—e.g. overflow, division by zero
• Timer
—Generated by internal processor timer
—Used in pre-emptive multi-tasking
• I/O
—from I/O controller
• Hardware failure
—e.g. memory parity error
Program Flow Control
Interrupt Cycle
• Added to instruction cycle
• Processor checks for interrupt
—Indicated by an interrupt signal
• If no interrupt, fetch next instruction
• If interrupt pending:
—Suspend execution of current program
—Save context
—Set PC to start address of interrupt handler
routine
—Process interrupt
—Restore context and continue interrupted
program
Transfer of Control via Interrupts
Instruction Cycle with Interrupts
Program Timing
Short I/O Wait
Program Timing
Long I/O Wait
Instruction Cycle (with Interrupts) -
State Diagram
Multiple Interrupts
• Disable interrupts
—Processor will ignore further interrupts whilst
processing one interrupt
—Interrupts remain pending and are checked
after first interrupt has been processed
—Interrupts handled in sequence as they occur
• Define priorities
—Low priority interrupts can be interrupted by
higher priority interrupts
—When higher priority interrupt has been
processed, processor returns to previous
interrupt
Multiple Interrupts - Sequential
Multiple Interrupts – Nested
Time Sequence of Multiple Interrupts
Connecting
• All the units must be connected
• Different type of connection for different
type of unit
—Memory
—Input/Output
—CPU
Computer Modules
Memory Connection
• Receives and sends data
• Receives addresses (of locations)
• Receives control signals
—Read
—Write
—Timing
Input/Output Connection(1)
• Similar to memory from computer’s
viewpoint
• Output
—Receive data from computer
—Send data to peripheral
• Input
—Receive data from peripheral
—Send data to computer
Input/Output Connection(2)
• Receive control signals from computer
• Send control signals to peripherals
—e.g. spin disk
• Receive addresses from computer
—e.g. port number to identify peripheral
• Send interrupt signals (control)
CPU Connection
• Reads instruction and data
• Writes out data (after processing)
• Sends control signals to other units
• Receives (& acts on) interrupts
Buses
• There are a number of possible
interconnection systems
• Single and multiple BUS structures are
most common
• e.g. Control/Address/Data bus (PC)
What is a Bus?
• A communication pathway connecting two
or more devices
• Usually broadcast
• Often grouped
—A number of channels in one bus
—e.g. 32 bit data bus is 32 separate single bit
channels
• Power lines may not be shown
Data Bus
• Carries data
—Remember that there is no difference between
“data” and “instruction” at this level
• Width is a key determinant of
performance
—8, 16, 32, 64 bit
Address bus
• Identify the source or destination of data
• e.g. CPU needs to read an instruction
(data) from a given location in memory
• Bus width determines maximum memory
capacity of system
—e.g. 8080 has 16 bit address bus giving 64k
address space
Control Bus
• Control and timing information
—Memory read/write signal
—Interrupt request
—Clock signals
Bus Interconnection Scheme
Physical Realization of Bus Architecture
Single Bus Problems
• Lots of devices on one bus leads to:
—Propagation delays
– Long data paths mean that co-ordination of bus use
can adversely affect performance
– If aggregate data transfer approaches bus capacity
• Most systems use multiple buses to
overcome these problems
Traditional (ISA)
(with cache)
High Performance Bus
Bus Types
• Dedicated
—Separate data & address lines
• Multiplexed
—Shared lines
—Address valid or data valid control line
—Advantage - fewer lines
—Disadvantages
– More complex control
Bus Arbitration
• More than one module controlling the bus
• e.g. CPU and DMA controller
• Only one module may control bus at one
time
• Arbitration may be centralised or
distributed
Centralised or Distributed Arbitration
• Centralised
—Single hardware device controlling bus access
– Bus Controller
—May be part of CPU or separate
• Distributed
—Each module may claim the bus
—Control logic on all modules

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