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Statistics Presentation

The document summarizes different levels of measurement for variables and provides examples. It discusses nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels of measurement. For each level, it defines the key characteristics and provides examples. It also distinguishes between qualitative and quantitative variables, as well as discrete and continuous variables. Overall, the document serves as a guide for understanding different types of variables and their appropriate levels of measurement.

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MUHAMMAD UMAR
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439 views15 pages

Statistics Presentation

The document summarizes different levels of measurement for variables and provides examples. It discusses nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels of measurement. For each level, it defines the key characteristics and provides examples. It also distinguishes between qualitative and quantitative variables, as well as discrete and continuous variables. Overall, the document serves as a guide for understanding different types of variables and their appropriate levels of measurement.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD UMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inferential statistics

Student name: Muhammad Umar


Section: BS 4th Accounting & Finance
Roll no: 18221554-007
Topic: Elaborate the exercises question 1 & 3
Instructor: Mr. Zaid Bashir
1. What is the level of measurement for each of
the following variables?

A. Student IQ ratings.
B. Distance students travel to class.
C. The jersey numbers of a sorority soccer team.
D. A student’s state of birth.
E. A student’s academic class___that is, freshman, sophomore, junior, or
senior.
F. Number of hours students study per week.
Solution:

A. The students IQ ratings take on numerical values, were te difference between two IQ’s as a
meaning but there is no absolute zero ( as an IQ of 0 does not exist). This then implies that the
variables is at the interval level .

B. the distance students travel to class to take on numerical values, where the absolute zero is a
distance of 0 miles. Since there is an absolute zero, the variables is at ratio level.

C. The jersey numbers take on numerical values, while we can list and order these possible values,
but the difference between two jersey numbers as no meaning. This then implies that the variables
is at ordinal level.
Solution continue……..

D. We can only list the possible states of birth, but there is no way to order them
meaningfully and thus the variable is at the nominal level.

E. We can list all possible academic classes, while we can also meaningfully order them
( that is, in the order of the grade). However, the difference between two academic classes as
no meaning and thus the variable is at ordinal level.

F. The number of hours studied per week takes on numerical values where the absolute zero
is studying 0 hours per week (that is, never studying). Since there is an absolute zero, the
variable is at the ratio level
3. On the Web, go to your favorite news source and find examples of each
type of variable. Write a brief memo that lists the variables and describes them
in terms of qualitative or quantitative, discrete or continuous, and the
measurement level.

• Qualitative variables.

• Quantitative variables.

• Discrete variables.

• Continuous variables.

• Level of measurements.
Qualitative variables

• “A qualitative variable, also called a categorical variable, are variables that


are not numerical. It describes data that fits into categories”.

• For example:

• Eye colors (variables include: blue, green, brown, hazel).

• States (variables include: Florida, New Jersey, Washington).

• Dog breeds (variables include: Alaskan Malamute, German Shepherd, Siberian


Husky, Shih tzu).
Quantitative variables

• “When a variable can be reported numerically, and measured quantitatively it is


called a quantitative variable”.

• Examples:

• Height & weight.

• No of days in a week.

• The number of people employed by a company.


DISCREATE VARIABLE
• Discrete Variable.
•  Variables that can only take on a finite number of values are called "discrete variables."
All qualitative variables are discrete. Some quantitative variables are discrete.
• EXAMPLE:
• Such as performance rated as 1,2,3,4, or 5, or temperature rounded to the nearest degree.
• No. of children in a family
• No. of cars.
Continuous variable

• A continuous variable is one which can take on an uncountable set of values. For
example, a variable over a non-empty range of the real numbers is continuous, if it
can take on any value in that range. The reason is that any range of real numbers
between and with. is infinite and uncountable.

• Examples

• Amount of income, tax paid amount


Level of measurement

• There are 4 level of measurements

• Nominal level of measurement

• Ordinal level of measurement

• Ration level of measurement

• Interval level of measurement


Nominal level of measurement
• NOMINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
• Data recorded at the nominal level of measurement is represented as
labels or names. They have no order. They can only be classified and
counted.
• Examples:
• Gender
• Marital status
• Zip code student Id
Ordinal-Level Data
• ORDINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

• Data recorded at the ordinal level of measurement is based on a relative ranking or


rating of items based on a defined attribute or qualitative variable. Variables based on
this level of measurement are only ranked or counted.
Interval-Level Data
• INTERVAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

• For data recorded at the interval level of measurement, the interval or the distance
between values is meaningful. The interval level of measurement is based on a scale
with a known unit of measurement.

• Examples: dress size, temperature, pressure of air etc.


Ratio-Level Data

• RATIO LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

• Data recorded at the ratio level of measurement are based on a scale with a known unit of measurement
and a meaningful interpretation of zero on the scale.

• Examples:

• • Number of patients seen

• • Number of sales calls made

• • Distance to class
Any question?

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