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Introduction To Statistics & Probability

This document provides an introduction to statistics and probability. It defines key concepts such as random experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, random variables, and the differences between discrete and continuous random variables. Random variables can take on numerical values associated with each possible outcome of a random experiment. Discrete random variables take on countable values while continuous random variables can take on any value within a range. Examples of each type are provided.

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argie gutierrez
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88 views40 pages

Introduction To Statistics & Probability

This document provides an introduction to statistics and probability. It defines key concepts such as random experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, random variables, and the differences between discrete and continuous random variables. Random variables can take on numerical values associated with each possible outcome of a random experiment. Discrete random variables take on countable values while continuous random variables can take on any value within a range. Examples of each type are provided.

Uploaded by

argie gutierrez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS
&
PROBABILITY
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Learn about It!

A subject under the SHS program by DEPED


and Private Schools under the ABM and the
other SHS strands.
It is a prerequisite for finishing researches.
WHAT
Learn IS STATISTICS
about It! AND PROBABILITY?

Probability and Statistics are two closely related


field in Mathematics, sometimes combined for
academic purposes.
Probability deals with predicting the likelihood of
future events, while statistics involves the analysis of
the frequency of the past events.
WHAT
Learn IS STATISTICS
about It! AND PROBABILITY?

To put it simply,
PROBABILITY refers to chance and possibilities.

While,

STATISTICS refers to data.


STATISTICS
Learn about It!

 Often used in decision making process.


 It is a science that involves collecting,
organizing, analyzing, summarizing and
interpreting data.
Do these questions require a statistical
Learn about It!
tool?

1. How many Filipinos watching KMJS during


Sundays?
2. How much is Ben’s baon everyday ?
3. Do Filipinos prefer Tiktok than Facebook ?
LESSON 1

RANDOM VARIABLES
Learn about It!

Random Experiment
1 an experiment that can be repeated numerous times under the same conditions.
Its result must be independent of one another.

Example:
Tossing a coin is a random experiment.
Learn about It!

Outcome
2 the result of a random experiment

Example:
A possible outcome of tossing a coin is a head or a tail.
Learn about It!

 
Sample Space
3  The set of possible outcomes of a random experiment; denoted by a capital
letter, usually
 Also the domain of a random variable

 
Example:
The sample space of tossing a coin is .
Learn about It!

 
Random Variable
4 a function that associates a numerical value to every outcome of a random
experiment; denoted by a capital letter, usually .
A variable whose possible values are determined by chance .
 
Example:
Say that represents the number of heads that appear in
tossing a coin. The possible values of the random variable
are 0 and 1.
Try It!

Example 1: Let be a random variable that denotes the result


 

of rolling a die. What are the possible values of ?


Try It!

Example 1: Let be a random variable that denotes the result


 

of rolling a die. What are the possible values of ?

Solution:
 

The sample space of rolling a die is .


Thus, the possible values of are , , , , , and .
Try It!

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the


 

number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values


of ?
Try It!

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the


 

number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values


of ?
Solution:
 

1. List the possible outcomes of the experiment.

This can be done using a table or tree diagram. Let


represent heads and represent tails.
Try It!

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the


 

number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values


of ?
Solution:
Try It!

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the


 

number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values


of ?
Solution:
 

From the given table, the possible outcomes are:


 
Try It!

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the


 

number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values


of ?
Solution:
2. Count the number of tails in each outcome.
Possible Outcomes Number of Tails
HHH 0
HHT 1
HTH 1
Try It!

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the


 

number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values


of ?
Solution:
Possible Outcomes Number of Tails
THH 1
THT 2
TTH 2
TTT 3
Try It!

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the


 

number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values


of ?
Solution:
 

Based on the table, the number of tails can be 0, 1, 2, and 3.


 
Thus, the possible values of are and
Try It!

Example 3: You rolled 2 dice. If represents the number of


 

getting a sum of the numbers facing up of the outcome, what


are the possible values of ?
Try It!

Example 4: There are 10 students who took an examination.


 

If denotes the number of students who passed the


examination, what are the possible values of ?
Try It!

Example 5: A mother will give birth to a twin. If denotes the


 

number of boys, what are the possible values of ?


Try It!

Determine the possible values of the


RANDOM VARIABLES in the given
word problems.
Try It!

 
1. There are 10 students in a computer shop.
If denotes the number of males, what are the
possible values of ?
 

ANSWER:
Try It!

 
2. A cinema can accommodate 200 customers.
Let denote the number of female
customers in the cinema. What are the
possible values of ?
 

ANSWER:
Try It!

 
3. A researcher is conducting a survey about
the cellphones used by 50 employees. If
represents the number of users of Oppo
Brand, what are the possible values of ?
 

ANSWER:
Try It!

 
4. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The
outcome of the first coin is HEAD. Let be a
random variable that denotes the number of
heads that appear. What are the possible
values of ?
 

ANSWER:
Try It!

5. A family has three children. Let represents


 

the number of males, what are the possible


values of ?
 

ANSWER:
Try It!
Lesson 2

Discrete and Continuous


Random Variables
Try It!

Discrete Random Variable


1
Can take a finite (countable) or an infinite number of
distinct values.

The values are exact and can be represented by non-


negative whole numbers.
Try It!

Examples of Discrete Random Variables

1. The number of students randomly selected to be


interviewed by a researcher.
2. The number of left-handed teachers randomly selected in a
faculty room.
3. The number of defective light bulbs randomly selected light
bulbs.
Try It!

Continuous Random Variable


2
A random variable that can assume an infinite
number of values in an interval between two
specific values.

That can take decimal or fractional values


Try It!

Examples of Continuous Random Variables

1. The weights in kilograms of randomly selected students.


2. The length in cm of randomly selected shoes of senior high
students.
3. The hourly temperatures last Saturday.
Try It!

Example 1: A random variable has the following value: , , , ,


 

or . Is the random variable discrete or continuous?

ANSWER:
Try It!

Example 2: Determine whether the recorded body


temperature of a patient in a hospital is a discrete or
continuous random variable.

ANSWER:
Try It!

Example 3: Let
 

ANSWER:
Try It!

Example 4: Let number of points scored in the last


 

season by a randomly selected NBA basketball player.

ANSWER:
Key Points

Random Experiment
1 an experiment that can be repeated numerous times under the same conditions.
Its result must be independent of one another.

Outcome
2 the result of a random experiment

 
Sample Space
3 The set of possible outcomes of a random experiment; denoted by a capital letter,
usually
Key Points
 
Random Variable
4 a function that associates a numerical value to every outcome of a random
experiment; denoted by a capital letter, usually . The domain is the sample space
and the range is some set of real numbers.

Discrete Random Variable


5 a random variable with a finite number of possible values or an infinite number of
values that can be counted

Continuous Random Variable


6 a random variable that can assume an infinite number of values that can take
decimal or fractional values

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