DYNAMICS

UNIT 1
 SCALARS & VECTORS

Scalar- has magnitude only !

eg. Speed, distance

Vector- has magnitude and direction.

eg. Velocity, Acceleration

Distance - total length of the path travelled by an

object in motion

Position- is the distance and direction of an

object from a particular reference point
Displacement – the change in position of an
object

 
d  d final  d initial

When an object changes its position more than

once, total displacement is calculated by adding
the displacements.
 
 dT  d1  d 2
 CONTINUED…
Adding/Subtracting vectors
UNIFORM/NON-UNIFORM MOTION

Uniform – motion of an object at a constant speed in a straight

line

Non-uniform – motion in which the objects speed changes or

the object does not travel in a straight line.
SPEED/VELOCITY/ACCELERATION
d
Average Speed: vav 
t

Average Velocity:  d
vav 
t
Acceleration:

 v
aav 
t
 Information on Linear Motion
Graphs
Position-Time Graph
Slope- represents Velocity

Velocity-Time Graph
Slope – represents Acceleration
Area – represents Displacement

Acceleration-Time Graph
Area- represents change in velocity
 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LINEAR
MOTION GRAPHS

SLOPE SLOPE
  
d t v t a t
AREA AREA
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
PROJECTILE MOTION
WHAT IS PROJECTILE
MOTION?
 INSTRUCTIONAL
OBJECTIVES:
• Students will be able to:
• Define Projectile Motion
• Distinguish between the different types of projectile motion
• Apply the concept to a toy car and measure its velocity
 WHAT IS A PROJECTILE?
Projectile -Any object which projected by some means and
continues to move due to its own inertia (mass).
 PROJECTILE MOTION

• Two-dimensional motion of an object

• Vertical
• Horizontal
PROJECTILES MOVE IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Since a projectile moves
in 2-dimensions, it
therefore has 2
components just like a
resultant vector.
• Horizontal and
Vertical
 TYPES OF PROJECTILE MOTION

• Horizontal
• Motion of a ball rolling freely along a
level surface
• Horizontal velocity is ALWAYS constant
• Vertical
• Motion of a freely falling object
• Force due to gravity
• Vertical component of velocity changes
with time
• Parabolic
• Path traced by an object accelerating only
in the vertical direction while moving at
constant horizontal velocity
HORIZONTAL “VELOCITY” COMPONENT

• NEVER changes, covers equal displacements in

equal time periods. This means the initial horizontal
velocity equals the final horizontal velocity

In other words, the horizontal velocity

is CONSTANT. BUT WHY?

Gravity DOES NOT work horizontally

to increase or decrease the velocity.
VERTICAL “VELOCITY” COMPONENT
• Changes (due to gravity), does NOT cover equal
displacements in equal time periods.

Both the MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION change. As the

projectile moves up the MAGNITUDE DECREASES and its
direction is UPWARD. As it moves down the MAGNITUDE
INCREASES and the direction is DOWNWARD.
 COMBINING THE COMPONENTS
Together, these components
produce what is called a
trajectory or path. This
path is parabolic in
nature.

Component Magnitude Direction

Horizontal Constant Constant
Vertical Changes Changes
 EXAMPLES OF PROJECTILE MOTION

• Launching a Cannon ball

 HORIZONTALLY LAUNCHED
Projectiles which have PROJECTILES
NO upward trajectory and NO initial
VERTICAL velocity.
vox  vx  constant

voy  0 m / s
 HORIZONTALLY LAUNCHED
PROJECTILES
To analyze a projectile in 2 dimensions we need 2
equations. One for the “x” direction and one for the “y”
direction. And for this we use kinematic #2.

x  vox t  1 at 2
2
x  vox t y  1 gt 2
2
Remember, the velocity is Remember that since the
CONSTANT horizontally, so projectile is launched
that means the acceleration is horizontally, the INITIAL
ZERO! VERTICAL VELOCITY is
equal to ZERO.
 HORIZONTALLY LAUNCHED
PROJECTILES
Example: A plane traveling with a What do I What I want to
horizontal velocity of 100 m/s is know? know?
500 m above the ground. At
some point the pilot decides to vox=100 m/s t=?
drop some supplies to
designated target below. (a) y = 500 m x=?
How long is the drop in the air?
(b) How far away from point voy= 0 m/s
where it was launched will it g = -9.8 m/s/s
land?

y  1 gt 2  500  1 (9.8)t 2
2 2
x  vox t  (100)(10.1)  1010 m
102.04  t 2  t  10.1 seconds
 VERTICALLY LAUNCHED
PROJECTILES
NO Vertical Velocity at the top of the trajectory.

Vertical Vertical Velocity

Velocity increases on the
decreases on way down,
the way
upward Horizontal Velocity
is constant

Component Magnitude Direction

Horizontal Constant Constant
Vertical Decreases up, 0
@ top, Increases
Changes
down
 VERTICALLY LAUNCHED
PROJECTILES
Since the projectile was launched at a angle, the
velocity MUST be broken into components!!!

vox  vo cos 
vo voy
voy  vo sin 
q

vox
 EQUATIONS

• X- Component
x f  xi  v xi t
• Y- Component
1 2
y f  y i  v yi t  gt
2
2 2 Note: g= 9.8
v yf  v yi  2 gy
m/s^2
v yf  v yi  gt
• Vectors
v xi  vi cos( )
v yi  vi sin( )
VERTICALLY LAUNCHED PROJECTILES
There are several things you
must consider when doing
these types of projectiles
besides using components. If
it begins and ends at ground
level, the “y” displacement
is ZERO: y = 0
 VERTICALLY LAUNCHED
PROJECTILES
You will still use kinematic #2, but YOU MUST use
COMPONENTS in the equation.

vo voy x  voxt y  voy t  1 gt 2

2
q

vox vox  vo cos 

voy  vo sin 
 EXAMPLE
A place kicker kicks a football with a velocity of 20.0 m/s and
at an angle of 53 degrees.
(a) How long is the ball in the air?
(b) How far away does it land?
(c) How high does it travel?

vox  vo cos 
/s
0.
0
m
vox  20 cos 53  12.04 m / s
= 2
vo
voy  vo sin 
q = 53
voy  20sin 53  15.97 m / s
 EXAMPLE
A place kicker kicks a What I know What I want
football with a velocity to know
of 20.0 m/s and at an vox=12.04 m/s t=?
angle of 53 degrees. voy=15.97 m/s x=?
(a) How long is the ball in y=0 ymax=?
the air?
g = - 9.8
m/s/s

y  voy t  1 gt 2  0  (15.97)t  4.9t 2

2
15.97t  4.9t  15.97  4.9t
2

t  3.26 s
 EXAMPLE

A place kicker kicks a What I know What I want

football with a velocity to know
of 20.0 m/s and at an vox=12.04 m/s t = 3.26 s
angle of 53 degrees. voy=15.97 m/s x=?
(b) How far away does it y=0 ymax=?
land? g = - 9.8
m/s/s

x  vox t  (12.04)(3.26)  39.24 m

 EXAMPLE
What I know What I want
to know
A place kicker kicks a vox=12.04 m/s t = 3.26 s
football with a velocity of voy=15.97 m/s x = 39.24 m
20.0 m/s and at an angle of y=0 ymax=?
53 degrees.
g = - 9.8
(c) How high does it travel? m/s/s

CUT YOUR TIME IN y  voy t  1 gt 2

2
HALF!
y  (15.97)(1.63)  4.9(1.63) 2

y  13.01 m
 FACTORS AFFECTING PROJECTILE
MOTION
• What two factors would affect projectile motion?
• Angle
• Initial velocity
• Visual

Initial Velocity

Angle
 EXAMPLE

An object is fired from the ground at 100 meters per second at

an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal
 Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the initial velocity
 After 2.0 seconds, how far has the object traveled in the horizontal
direction?
 How high is the object at this point?
 SOLUTION

• Part a
 s cos 30   87 m s
vix  vi cos   100 m 0

viy  v sin   100 m  sin 30   50 m

0
i s s
• Part b
x
vix 
t

x  v x t  87 m
s
 2.0s   174m
• Part c

y  viy t  g  t   50
1
2
2 m 
s
  1
 
2.0 s   9.8 m 2  2.0 s 
2 s
2
 NEWTON’S LAWS

1) The law of Inertia

- an object at rest or in uniform motion will remain at rest or
in uniform motion unless acted on by an external force.
2) F = ma
3) For every action force on an object (B) due to another object
(A), there is a reaction force, equal in magnitude but opposite
in direction
 FORCE

FBD’s
Fnet  ma

F f  FN

Fg  mg
 MASS

Inertial Mass
-measure of how strongly the body is accelerated (by A) by a
given force.

Gravitational Mass
-measure of how strongly the body is affected by the force of
Gravity
 FRAMES OF REFERENCE
Inertial frame of reference
-Has a constant velocity, meaning moving at a constant speed in
a straight line, or it is standing still

Non-inertial frame of reference

-Does not have a constant velocity, it is accelerating.
 RELATIVE MOTION

• The motion (or way of moving) of an object viewed by an

observer
Relative Velocity- the velocity of an object relative to a specific
frame of reference
 GENERAL RELATIONSHIP
  
v AC  v AB  vBC
A relative to C A relative to B B relative to C

Note: the outside subscripts on the right side of the equation

(A &C) are in the same order as the subscripts on the left side
of the equation and the inside subscripts on the right side of
the equation are the same (B)
 TYPES OF RELATIVE MOTION PROBLEMS

1) Relative Motion in 1D

2) Relative Motion in 2D with perpendicular vectors

3) Relative Motion in 2D non perpendicular vectors

 QUICK PRACTICE
1) A group of teenagers on a ferry walk on the deck with a
velocity of 1.1 m/s relative to the deck. The ship is moving
forward with a velocity of 2.8 m/s relative to the water.
a) Determine the velocity of the teenagers relative to the water
when they are walking to the bow(front).
b) Determine the velocity of the teenagers relative to the water
when they are walking to the stern
 2) A plane is travelling with a velocity relative to the air of 3.5
x102 km/h [N35°W] as it passes over Hamilton. The wind
velocity is
62 km/h[S].
a) Determine the velocity of the plane relative to the ground.
b) Determine the displacement of the plane after 1.2 h.
 COMBINING
DYNAMICS AND KINEMATICS

Recall:

Kinematics – the motion of an object with

disregard to the cause

Dynamics – The cause of the motion

 FORCES & FBD’S

Common Forces

• Gravity ( F)
g
• Normal ( ) 
• Tension ( )FN
• Applied ( F)T
• Friction ( )
Fa

F f(N) 1N =
Units: Newton's

1kg  m / s 2
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Newton’s First Law: (Law of Inertia)
If the external net force on
an object is zero, the object
will remain at rest or continue
to move at a constant velocity.

Inertia – a measure of an object’s resistance

to change in velocity
Mass – a measure of the amount of matter in an
object
Newton’s Second Law:

 
Fnet  ma
Newton’s Third Law:
For every action force, there exists a
simultaneous reaction force that
is equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction
 QUICK PRACTICE

1)At an instant when a soccer ball is slightly off the ground, a

player kicks it, exerting a force of 25 N at 40.0°above the
horizontal. The force of gravity acting on the ball is 4.2
N[down]. Determine the net force.
2) Two children pull a sled across the ice. One child pulls with a
force of 15 N [N 35°E], and the other pulls with a force of 25
N[N 54°W]. Ignore friction, find the net force.
 FORCE OF FRICTION
Force of Friction – acts in the opposite direction as the applied
force (opposes motion)

F f  FN

Recall: Types of Friction

1) Kinetic Friction k
- coefficient of kinetic friction ( )
2) Static Friction s
-coefficient of static friction( )
 QUICK PRACTICE
1) You are pulling a 39 kg box on a level floor by a rope
attached to the box. The rope makes an angle of 21° with the
horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box
and the floor is 0.23. Calculate the magnitude of the tension in
the rope needed to keep the box moving at a constant velocity.
 2D PROBLEMS USING
NEWTON’S 2ND LAW

1) A mass of 1.2x 102 kg with a force of

1.5 x 102 N [N] and a force of 2.2 x 102 N[W] acting on it.
Determine the acceleration of the mass. Assume no other
forces act on the object other than the ones given.
2) Two ropes are used to lift a 1.5x102 kg beam with a force of
gravity of 1.47 x 103 N[down] acting on it. One rope exerts a
force of tension of 1.8 x 103 N[up 30.0°left] on the beam, and
the other rope exerts a force of tension
1.8 x 103 N[up 30.0°right] on the beam. Calculate the
acceleration of the beam.
SOLVING NEWTON’S 3RD LAW PROBLEMS

1) A swimmer with a mass of 56kg pushes horizontally against

the pool wall towards the east for 0.75 cm/s. Neglecting
friction, determine the magnitude of
a)The (constant) acceleration
b) The force exerted by the swimmer on the wall
c) The force exerted by the wall on the swimmer
d) The displacement of the swimmer from the wall after 1.50s.
2) A projectile launcher fires a projectile horizontally from a
platform, which rests on a flat, icy, frictionless surface. Just
after the projectile is fired and while it is moving through the
launcher, the projectile has an acceleration of 25 m/s2. At the
same time, the launcher has an acceleration of 0.25 m/s2. The
mass of the projectile is 0.20 kg. Calculate the mass of the
launcher.
 ATWOOD MACHINES

• Used to determine the

acceleration in a two
body pulley system
• Could be used to help
determine the
acceleration due to
gravity on a different
planet
6 4
kg kg
• Resolve the forces for
each mass
• Choose the direction of
overall acceleration of
each object as positive
 Mass 1 (6 kg) Mass 2 (4 kg)
•  Down is positive •  Up is positive

T is the tension in the rope and is the same in both equation

Solve for T in one equation
• Substitute into the formula • T=

• a= 1.962m/s2
 Horizontal Pulley

Hyperphysics
 INCLINED PLANES
• Label the direction of N and mg.

θ mg
 INCLINED PLANES
• Mark the direction of acceleration a.

θ mg
 INCLINED PLANES
• Choose the coordinate system with x in the same or
opposite direction of acceleration and y perpendicular
to x.
y

N x

θ mg
 INCLINED PLANES
• Now some trigonometry

N x

θ
90- θ
θ mg
 INCLINED PLANES
• Replace the force of gravity with its components.

N x

in θ
s s θ
mg θ co
θ mg mg
 INCLINED PLANES
• Use Newton’s second law for both the x and y directions

y
Fx  max   ma

N x
 mg sin   ma

a
Fy  ma y  0
i n θ
g s s θ
m θ co
θ mg mg  N  mg cos   0

The force and acceleration in the x-direction have a negative sign because
they point in the negative x-direction.
 INCLINED PLANES
• Why is the component of mg along the x-axis –mgsinθ
• Why is the component of mg along the y-axis –mgcosθ

N x

in θ
s s θ
mg θ co
θ mg mg
 INCLINED PLANES
• Why is the component of mg along the x-axis: –mgsinθ
• Why is the component of mg along the y-axis: –mgcosθ

a N

mg sinθ x
θ
θ
mg
mg cosθ
 INCLINED PLANES
• Why is the component of mg along the x-axis: –mgsinθ
• Why is the component of mg along the y-axis: –mgcosθ

a N

mg sinθ x
θ
θ
mg
mg cosθ
 INCLINED PLANES
• Why is the component of mg along the x-axis: –mgsinθ
• Why is the component of mg along the y-axis: –mgcosθ

θ
N opposite
a sinθ =
hypotenuse
adjacent
cosθ =
mg sinθ x hypotenuse

θ
mg
mg cosθ
 QUICK PRACTICE
1) A child on a toboggan slides down a hill with an acceleration
of magnitude 1.9 m/s2. Friction is negligible. Determine the
angle between the hill and the horizontal.
2) A sled takes off from the top of the hill inclined at 6.0° to the
horizontal. The sled’s initial speed is 12m/s. The coefficient
of kinetic friction between the sled and the snow is 0.14.
Determine how far the sled will slide before coming to rest.
 INCLINED PULLEY

Hyperphysics
 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Uniform Circular Motion – the motion of an object with a

constant speed along a circular path of constant radius

Centripetal Acceleration- ( ) – the instantaneous acceleration

that is directed toward the center of a circular path

ac
Note
• the instantaneous velocity, is always tangential. v
• the velocity is continually changing as the direction of motion is
always changing.
• because the velocity is changing, every particle on a rotating
rigid body is accelerating.
• In uniform circular motion (that is with constant angular
velocity), the acceleration is always towards the center.
 ac = centripetal acceleration
aT = tangential acceleration
vT = tangential velocity

Uniform Circular Motion: Non-Uniform Circular Motion:

- Constant speed - Changing speed
- Constant angular velocity - Changing angular velocity
 EQUATIONS FOR CENTRIPETAL
ACCELERATION

 v 2
4 r
2
1)
ac  2) ac  2
r T

3)

ac  4 rf2 2
 PERIOD & FREQUENCY

Period – (T)- the time required for a rotating, revolving or

vibrating object to complete one cycle (units: s)

Frequency – (f)- the number of rotations, revolutions or

vibrations of an object per unit of time; the inverse of period
(units: Hz)
 QUICK PRACTICE

1) At a distance the of 25 km from the eye (center) of a

hurricane, the wind moves at nearly 50.0 m/s. Assume that the
wind moves in a circular path. Calculate the magnitude of the
centripetal acceleration of the particles in the wind at this
distance.
 QUICK PRACTICE

2) The planet Venus moves in a nearly circular orbit around the

Sun. The average radius of its orbit is 1.08 x 1011 m. The
centripetal acceleration of Venus has a magnitude
of 1.12 x10-2m/s2. Calculate Venus’s period of revolution
around the Sun.
a) In seconds
b) In Earth days
 CENTRIPETAL FORCE

Centripetal Force – (Fc) – the net force that

causes centripetal acceleration

2
mv
Fc 
r
 QUICK PRACTICE

1) A curved road with a radius of 450 m in the horizontal plane

is banked so that the cars can safely navigate the curve.
Calculate the banking angle for the road that will allow a car
travelling at 97km/h to make it safely around the curve when
the road is covered with black ice.
ROTATING FRAMES OF REFERENCE
Centrifugal Force – A non existent force which is actually the
absence of a centripetal force
Centrifuge – a rapidly rotating device used to separate
substances and simulate the effects of gravity

Coriolis Force – a fictitious force that acts perpendicular to

the velocity of an object in a rotating frame of reference
visualizing centrigual/coriolis forces
Artificial Gravity – a situation in which the value of gravity has
been changed artificially to more closely match Earth’s gravity

Artificial Gravity
Explanation
 QUICK PRACTICE

1) A spacecraft travelling to Mars has an interior diameter of

324m. The craft rotates around its axis at the rate required to
give astronauts along the interior wall an apparent weight
equal in magnitude to their weight on Earth.
a) Calculate the speed of the astronauts relative to the center of
the spacecraft
b) Determine the period of rotation of the spacecraft.