Probability

Distribution

Discrete Continuous

Binomial Hypergeometric Poisson Normal

Probability
Distributio
n

Continuous

Normal
 THE
NORMAL
CURVE
Normal Distribution…
Understand State and Recognize the
Sketch its importance of
the concept of illustrate its
normal curve properties graph normal curve in
statistical inference
distribution

OBJECTIVES
Understand State and Recognize the
Sketch its importance of
the concept of illustrate its
normal curve properties graph normal curve in
statistical inference
distribution

OBJECTIVES
Normal Distribution
 Also known as Gaussian distribution in honor of
JOHANN CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS
 Its graph is called normal distribution curve
Equation describing the normal curve
  

Where:
= mean

= standard deviation

= 3.14159…

= 2.71828…
Understand State and Recognize the
Sketch its importance of
the concept of illustrate its
normal curve graph normal curve in
properties statistical inference
distribution

OBJECTIVES
Properties
 It is bell-shaped

 Mean, median and mode are EQUAL

 Symmetric about the mean

 The total area under the curve is 1

 The curve is asymptotic to the x-axis

 The area under the part of a normal curve that lies within 1 standard
deviation of the mean is approximately 0.68, or 68%; within 2 standard
deviations, about 0.95, or 95%; and within 3 standard deviations, about
0.997, or 99.7%.
Understand State and Recognize the
Sketch its importance of
the concept of illustrate its
normal curve properties graph normal curve in
statistical inference
distribution

OBJECTIVES
Areas under the Normal Curve

Uses the Z-table

Involves the z-score (measure of

relative standing)
Example

Find the area between

z=0 and z=1.54
Example

Find the area between

z= -1.35 and z= 2.95
Example

Find the area to the

right of z=1.56
Example

Find the area to the

right of z= -1.8
Example

Find the area to the left

of z=2.32
Example

Find the area to the left

of z= -1.52
Areas under the Normal Curve

Uses the Z-table

Involves the z-score (measure of

relative standing)
Z-score
  

(population)

(sample)
Example
Luz scored 90 in an English test and 70 in
a Physics test. Scores in the English test
have a mean of 80 and a standard
deviation of 10. Scores in Physics test
have a mean of 60 and a standard
deviation of 8. In which subject was her
standing better assuming that her scores
in her English and Physics class are
normally distributed?
Example
In a Science test, the mean score is 42
and the standard deviation is 5. Assuming
the scores are normally distributed, what
percent of the score is
a. Greater than 48?
b. Less than 50?
c. Between 30 and 48?
REVERSE: Find a specific z value for a given area under the
standard normal distribution curve.

Ex. Find the z value such that the area under the standard
normal distribution curve between 0 and the z value is
0.2123.
Example
In a certain high school, the heights of
the students are normally distributed
with a mean of 160cm and a standard
deviation of 10cm. What is the
probability that randomly selected
student will be between 156cm and
165cm?
Example
In a certain factory of rags, the time it
takes for the workers to finish one rag is
normally distributed with a mean of 27
minutes and a standard deviation of 8
minutes. Find the proportion of rags that
will be finished in less than 25 minutes.
Understand State and Recognize the
Sketch its importance of
the concept of illustrate its
normal curve properties graph normal curve in
statistical
distribution inference

OBJECTIVES
 LOCATING
PERCENTIL
ES
Under the normal curve
Example

Find the 95th

percentile of a
normal curve.
Example

Find the upper 10%

of the normal curve.
Example
The results of a nationwide
aptitude test in math are normally
distributed with mean of 80 and
standard deviation of 15. What is
the percentile rank of a score of
84?
 Identify Find the mean Solve problems
sampling
Find the involving sampling
of the
distributions of
sampling variance distribution of the
statistics (sample sample mean
mean) distribution if
the mean

OBJECTIVES
 Identify Find the mean Solve problems
sampling
Find the involving sampling
of the
distributions of
sampling variance distribution of the
statistics (sample sample mean
mean) distribution if
the mean

OBJECTIVES
 Sampling
Distribution of
the Sample Mean

Central
Standard
Mean Limit
Error
Theorem
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Acts as a frame of reference of

statistical decision-making
MEAN OF SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
 
=


where = sample mean

n = number of observations
MEAN OF SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
 
=


where = sample mean

= probability of each sample
mean
 Identify Find the mean Solve problems
sampling
Find the involving sampling
of the
distributions of
sampling variance distribution of the
statistics (sample sample mean
mean) distribution if
the mean

OBJECTIVES
Sampling Distribution of the Mean

Probability distribution of means for

ALL possible random samples OF A
GIVEN SIZE from some population
Sampling Distribution of the Mean

•  The mean of sampling distribution

of the mean is always equal to the
mean of the population

•  The standard error of the mean

measures the variability in the
sampling distribution
MEAN and VARIANCE OF
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
    
Method 1 Method 2

= =

= =
Central Limit Theorem
Regardless of the shape of the
population, the shape of the
sampling distribution approximates a
normal curve IF THE SAMPLE SIZE IS
SUFFICIENTLY LARGE.
Central Limit Theorem
 
As the sample size n increases,


the sampling distribution of the

means approaches a normal
distribution.
 =
=
Example
Consider a population consisting
of observations 1, 2 and 3.
Suppose samples of size 2 are
drawn from this population.
Describe the sampling
distribution of the population
means.
More Examples
Consider a population consisting
of observations 3, 6 and 9.
Suppose samples of size 2 are
drawn from this population.
Describe the sampling
distribution of the population
means.
More Examples
A population consists of three
numbers (2,4,6). Consider all
possible samples of size 2 which
can be drawn without
replacement from the
population.
Sampling Distribution of the Mean
 
•The variance of the sampling distribution of


the sample means is given by:

= (
Example
A population has a mean of 60 and a
standard deviation of 5. A random
sample of 16 measurements is drawn
from this population. Describe the
sampling distribution of the sample
means by computing its mean and
standard deviation (assume that the
population is infinite).
Example
The heights of male college students
are normally distributed with mean of
68 inches and standard deviation of 3
inches. If 80 samples consisting of 25
students each are drawn from the
population, what would be the
expected mean and standard deviation
of the resulting sampling distribution of
the means?
 Identify Find the mean Solve problems
sampling
Find the involving sampling
of the
distributions of
sampling variance distribution of the
statistics (sample sample mean
mean) distribution if
the mean

OBJECTIVES
Ex. 1: Time to Complete an Examination
The average time it takes a group of
college students to complete a certain
examination is 46.2 minutes. The standard
deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that the
variable is normally distributed.
a.What is the probability that a randomly
selected college students will complete the
examination in less than 43 minutes?
Ex. 1: Time to Complete an Examination
The average time it takes a group of
college students to complete a certain
examination is 46.2 minutes. The standard
deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that the
variable is normally distributed.
b. If 50 randomly selected college students
take the examination, what is the
probability that the mean time it takes the
group to complete the test will be less than
43 minutes.
Ex. 2: Cholesterol Content
The average number of milligrams (mg) of
cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of
ice cream is 660 mg, and the standard
deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is
normally distributed.

a. If the cup of ice cream is selected, what

is the probability that the cholesterol
content will be more than 670 mg?
Ex. 2: Cholesterol Content
The average number of milligrams (mg) of
cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of ice
cream is 660 mg, and the standard deviation is
35 mg. Assume the variable is normally
distributed.

b. If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is

selected, what is the probability that the mean
of the sample will be larger than 670 mg?
 N OF
PARAMETE
RS
Let’s define…
 Parameter = a characteristic or measure
obtained by using all the
data values for a specific
population.
Estimate = a value or range of values
that approximate a
parameter.
Estimation = the process of determining
parameter values.
Figure 1. Point Estimation

Figure 2. Interval Estimation

 Types of
Estimation

Point Interval

Deals with computing for a Deals with constructing

single value(point estimate) an interval of possible
from a random sample to values (interval estimate)
represent an unknown from a random sample to
population measure estimate an unknown
parameter of interest.
Point Estimation
Suppose that a random sample of 10 students
have the following grades in math:
90, 93, 85, 77, 88, 80, 78, 83, 95, 90

What is the best point estimate for the true

average grade in math?
 Types of
Estimation

Interval

Deals with constructing

an interval of possible
values (interval
estimate) from a
random sample to
estimate an unknown Level of
parameter of interest. Confidence
- Probability that
the interval
estimator contains
the true value of
the parameter
Interval Estimation
The mean score of a random sample of 49
Grade 11 students who took the first periodic
test is calculated to be 78. The population
variance is known to be 0.16.
a. Find the 95% confidence interval for the
mean of the entire Grade 11 students.
b. Find the lower and upper confidence
limits.
More example:
 
Assuming normality, use the given confidence


level and sample data below to find the

following:
a. Margin of error
b. Confidence interval for estimating the
population parameter.
Given data:
n=50,
  
Two group of students in Grade 9 were subjected


to two different teaching techniques. After a

month, they were given exactly the same test. A
random sample of 60 students were selected in
the first group and another random sample of 50
students were selected in the second group. The
sampled students in the first group has 84 with 8,
while the second sampled group has with
Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference
in the population means.
More example:
Independent random samples were selected
from 2 populations. Data are given below.
Population 1 Population 2
Sample mean 34 38
Population variance 5 7
Sample size 40 46

Find a 90% confidence interval for estimating

the difference in the population means.
Assignment
In whole sheet of paper, answer the following
(book):
UNIT 3, pages 62-64:

7-17 (odd nos. only) and 22-23

UNIT 4, pages 21-25:

1,3,9,11,21,23,29,31,35,36,61 and 62
 LET’S
ANSWER!
Example 1
A researcher wishes to estimate the number
of days it takes an automobile dealer to sell a
Chevrolet Aveo. A sample of 50 cars had a
mean time on the dealer’s lot of 54 days.
Assume the population standard deviation to
be 6.0 days. Find the best point estimate of
the population mean and the 95% confidence
interval of the population mean.
Source: Based on information obtained from Power Information Network.
Answer:

Hence one can say with 95% confidence that

the interval between 52.3 and 55.7 days does
contain the population mean, based on a
sample of 50 automobiles.
Example 2: Waiting Times in Emergency Room

A survey of 30 emergency room patients

found that the average waiting time for
treatment was 174.3 minutes. Assuming that
the population standard deviation is 46.5
minutes, find the best point estimate of the
population mean and the 99% confidence of
the population mean.

Source: Based on information from Press Ganey Associates Inc

Answer:

Hence, one can be 99% confident that the

mean waiting time for emergency room
treatment is between 152.4 and 196.2
minutes.
 CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL FOR
THE MEAN
WHEN IS
UNKNOWN  
Example 1
 
Find the value for a 95%


confidence interval when the

sample size is 22.
Example 2: Sleeping Time
Ten randomly selected people were
asked how long they slept at night.
The mean time was 7.1 hours, and
the standard deviation was 0.78
hour. Find the 95% confidence
interval of the mean time. Assume
the variable is normally distributed.
Source: Based on information in Number Freaking.
Example 4
The mean and standard deviation of the
content of a sample of 10 similar containers
are 10.5 liters and 0.352 liters, respectively.
a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the
actual mean content.
b. Find the lower and upper confidence
limits.
Assignment
In whole sheet of paper, answer the following
(book):
UNIT 3, pages 62-64:

7-17 (odd nos. only) and 22-23

UNIT 4, pages 21-25:

1,3,9,11,21,23,29,31,35,36,61 and 62
Example 3: Home Fires Started by Candle

The data represent a sample of the number

of home fires started by candles for the past
several years. (Data are from the National
Fire Protection Association.) Find the 99%
confidence interval for the mean number of
home fires started by candles each year.
5460 5900 6090 6310 7160 8440 9930