1

Chapter 4 - Control Statements

 Conditions
 if Statement
 && Logical Operator
 || Logical Operator
 ! Logical Operator
 switch Statement
 while Loop
 do Loop
 for Loop
 Loop Comparison
 Nested Loops
 Boolean Variables
 Input Validation
 Boolean Logic
 Expression Evaluation Practice
 2

Conditions
 Throughout this chapter, you’ll see if statements and
loop statements where conditions appear within a pair
of parentheses, like this:
if (<condition>)
{
...
}

while (<condition>)
{
...
}
 Typically, each condition involves some type of
comparison and the comparisons use comparison
operators….
 3

Conditions
 Here are Java's comparison operators:
==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
 Each comparison operator evaluates to either true or
false.
 ==
 Tests two operands for equality.
 3 == 3 evaluates to true
 3 == 4 evaluates to false
 Note that == uses two equal signs, not one!
 !=
 Tests two operands for inequality.
 The != operator is pronounced “not equal.”
 The <, >, <=, and >= operators work as expected.
 4

if Statement
 Use an if statement if you need to ask a question in
order to determine what to do next.
 There are three forms for an if statement:
 if by itself
 Use for problems where you want to do something or nothing.
 if, else
 Use for problems where you want to do one thing or another
thing.
 if, else if
 Use for problems where you want to do one thing out of three or
more choices.
 5

if Statement
pseudocode syntax Java syntax

 if by itself:  if by itself:
if <condition> if (<condition>)
<statement(s)> {
<statement(s)>
}

 if, else:  if, else:

if <condition> if (<condition>)
<statement(s)> {
else <statement(s)>
<statement(s)> }
else
{
<statement(s)>
}
 6

if Statement
pseudocode syntax Java syntax
if, else if: if, else if, else:
if <condition> if (<condition>)
<statement(s)> {
else if <condition> <statement(s)>
<statement(s)> }
. else if (<condition>)
. {
more else if's here (optional)
. <statement(s)>
else }
<statement(s)> optional .
.
. more else if's here (optional)
else
{
<statement(s)> optional
}
 7

if Statement
 Write a complete program that prompts the user to
enter a sentence and then prints an error message if
the last character is not a period.
sample session: Italics indicates input. Never hardcode
(include) input as part of your source code!!!
Enter a sentence:
Permanent good can never be the outcome of violence
Invalid entry – your sentence needs a period!
 10

&& Logical Operator

 Suppose you want to print "OK" if the temperature is
between 50 and 90 degrees and print "not OK"
otherwise.
not OK 50 o OK 90 o not OK

 Here's the pseudocode solution:

if temp  50 and  90
print "OK"
else
print "not OK"
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&& Logical Operator

not OK 50 o OK 90 o not OK

 And here's the solution using Java:

if (temp >= 50 && temp <= 90)
{
System.out.println("OK");
}
else
{
System.out.println("not OK");
}
 In Java, if two criteria are required for a condition to be satisfied
(e.g., temp >= 50 and temp <= 90), then separate the two
criteria with the && (and) operator. If both criteria use the same
variable (e.g., temp), you must include the variable on both sides
of the &&.
 12

&& Logical Operator

 The program on the next slide determines whether
fans at a basketball game win free french fries. If the
home team wins and scores at least 100 points, then
the program prints this message:
Fans: Redeem your ticket stub for a free order of french
fries at Yummy Burgers.
 On the next slide, replace <insert code here> with
appropriate code.
 13

&& Logical Operator

/***************************************
* FreeFries.java
* Dean & Dean
*
* This program reads points scored by the home team
* and the opposing team and determines whether the
* fans win free french fries.
***************************************/
import java.util.Scanner;
public class FreeFries
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner stdIn = new Scanner(System.in);
int homePts; // points scored by home team
int opponentPts; // points scored by opponents
System.out.print("Home team points scored: ");
homePts = stdIn.nextInt();
System.out.print("Opposing team points scored: ");
opponentPts = stdIn.nextInt();
<insert code here>
} // end main
} // end class FreeFries
 14

|| Logical Operator
 Provide code that prints "bye" if a response variable
contains a lowercase or uppercase q (for quit). Here’s
a pseudocode implementation:
if response equals “q” or “Q”
print “Bye”

 To implement “or” logic in Java, use || (the or

operator). Here’s the Java implementation:
if (response.equals(″q″) || response.equals(″Q″))
{
System.out.println("bye");
When using the || operator, if
}
both criteria in the or condition
use the same variable (e.g.,
response), you must include the
variable on both sides of the ||.
 15

|| Logical Operator
 It’s a common bug to forget to repeat a variable that’s part of an
|| (or &&) condition. This code generates a compilation error:
if (response.equals(″q″ || ″Q″))
{
System.out.println("bye");
}
 Another common bug is to use the == operator to compare
strings for equality. This code compiles successfully, but it doesn’t
work properly:
if (response == ″q″ || response == ″Q″)
{
System.out.println("bye");
}
 16

|| Logical Operator
 As an alternative to using the || operator with two
equals method calls, you could use an
equalsIgnoreCase method call like this:
if (response.equalsIgnoreCase("q"))
{
System.out.println("Bye");
}
 17

! Logical Operator
 The ! (not) operator reverses the truth or falsity of a
condition.
 For example, suppose that a char variable named
reply holds a q (lowercase or uppercase) if the user
wants to quit, or some other character if the user
wants to continue. To check for "some other
character" (i.e., not a q or Q), use the ! operator like
this:
if (!(reply == 'q' || reply == 'Q'))
{
System.out.println("Let's get started....");
...
 18

switch Statement
 When to use a switch statement:
 If you need to do one thing from a list of multiple possibilities.
 Note that the switch statement can always be replaced by an
if, else if, else statement, but the switch statement is
considered to be more elegant. (Elegant code is easy to
understand, easy to update, robust, reasonably compact, and
efficient.)
 Syntax:
switch (<controlling-expression>)
{
case <constant1>:
<statements>;
break;
case <constant2>:
<statements>;
break;
...
default:
<statements>;
} // end switch
 19

switch Statement
 How the switch statement works:
 Jump to the case constant that matches the controlling
expression's value (or jump to the default label if there are
no matches) and execute all subsequent statements until
reaching a break.
 The break statement causes a jump out of the switch
statement (below the "}").
 Usually, break statements are placed at the end of every
case block. However, that's not a requirement and they're
sometimes omitted for good reasons.
 Put a : after each case constant.
 Even though statements following the case constants are
indented, { }'s are not necessary.
 The controlling expression should evaluate to either an int
or a char.
 Proper style dictates including "// end switch" after the
switch statement's closing brace.
 20

switch Statement
 Given this code fragment:
i = stdIn.nextInt();
switch (i)
{
case 1:
System.out.print("A");
break;
case 2:
System.out.print("B");
case 3: case 4:
System.out.print("C-D");
break;
default:
System.out.print("E-Z");
} // end switch
 If input = 1, what's the output?
 If input = 2, what's the output?
 If input = 3, what's the output?
 If input = 4, what's the output?
 If input = 5, what's the output?
 21

switch Statement
 Write a program that reads in a ZIP Code and uses
the first digit to print the associated geographic area:
if zip code print this
begins with message
0, 2, 3<zip> is on the East Coast.
4-6 <zip> is in the Central Plains area.
7 <zip> is in the South.
8-9 <zip> is in the West.
other <zip> is an invalid ZIP Code.
 Note: <zip> represents the entered ZIP Code value.
 23

while Loop
 Use a loop statement if you need to do the same thing
repeatedly.
pseudocode syntax Java syntax
while <condition> while (<condition>)
<statement(s)> {
<statement(s)>
}
 24
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while Loop
 Write a main method that finds the sum of user-
entered integers where -99999 is a sentinel value.
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner stdIn = new Scanner(System.in);
int sum = 0; // sum of user-entered values
int x; // a user-entered value
System.out.print("Enter an integer (-99999 to quit): ");
x = stdIn.nextInt();
while (x != -99999)
{
sum = sum + x;
System.out.print("Enter an integer (-99999 to quit): ");
x = stdIn.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
} // end main
 25

do Loop
 When to use a do loop:
 If you know that the repeated thing will always have to be
done at least one time.
 Syntax:
do
{
<statement(s)>
} while (<condition>);

 Note:
 The condition is at the bottom of the loop (in contrast to the
while loop, where the condition is at the top of the loop).
 The compiler requires putting a ";" at the very end, after the
do loop's condition.
 Proper style dictates putting the "while" part on the same
line as the "}"
 26

do Loop
 Problem description:
 As part of an architectural design program, write a main
method that prompts the user to enter length and width
dimensions for each room in a proposed house so that total
floor space can be calculated for the entire house.
 After each length/width entry, ask the user if there are any
more rooms.
 Print the total floor space.
 28

for Loop
 When to use a for loop:
 If you know the exact number of loop iterations before the
loop begins.
 For example, use a for loop to:
 Print this countdown from 10.
Sample session:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Liftoff!
 Find the factorial of a user-entered number.
Sample session:
Enter a whole number: 4
4! = 24
 29

for Loop
for loop syntax for loop example
for (<initialization>; <condition>; <update>) for (int i=10; i>0; i--)
{ {
<statement(s)> System.out.print(i + " ");
} }
System.out.println("Liftoff!");

 for loop semantics:

 Before the start of the first loop iteration, execute the initialization
component.
 At the top of each loop iteration, evaluate the condition
component:
 If the condition is true, execute the body of the loop.
 If the condition is false, terminate the loop (jump to the statement
below the loop's closing brace).
 At the bottom of each loop iteration, execute the update
component and then jump to the top of the loop.
 30

for Loop
 Trace this code fragment with an input value of 3.
Scanner stdIn = new Scanner(System.in);
int number; // user entered number
double factorial = 1.0; // factorial of user entry

System.out.print("Enter a whole number: ");

number = stdIn.nextInt();
for loop index variables are often,
but not always, named i for “index.”
for (int i=2; i<=number; i++)
{
factorial *= i; Declare for loop index variables
within the for loop heading.
}

System.out.println(number + "! = " + factorial);

 31

for Loop
 Write a main method that prints the squares for
each odd number between 1 and 99.
 Output:
1
9
25
49
81
...
 32

Loop Comparison
When to use Template
for loop: If you know, prior to for (int i=0; i<max; i++)
the start of loop, how {
many times you want <statement(s)>
to repeat the loop. }

do loop: If you always need to do

do the repeated thing {
at least one time. <statement(s)>
<prompt - do it again (y/n)?>
} while (<response == 'y'>);

while loop: If you can't use a <prompt - do it (y/n)?>

for loop or a do while (<response == 'y'>)
loop. {
<statement(s)>
<prompt - do it again (y/n)?>
}
 34

Nested Loops
 Nested loops = a loop within a loop.
 Example – Write a program that prints a rectangle of
characters where the user specifies the rectangle's
height, the rectangle's width, and the character's
value.
Sample session:
Enter height: 4
Enter width: 3
Enter character: <
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
 38

Boolean Variables
 Programs often need to keep track of the state of some
condition.
 For example, if you're writing a program that simulates the
operations of a garage door opener, you'll need to keep track of
the state of the garage door's direction - is the direction up or
down? You need to keep track of the direction "state" because
the direction determines what happens when the garage door
opener's button is pressed. If the direction state is up, then
pressing the garage door button causes the direction to switch to
down. If the direction state is down, then pressing the garage
door button causes the direction to switch to up.
 To implement the state of some condition, use a boolean
variable.
 39

Boolean Variables
 A boolean variable is a variable that:
 Is declared to be of type boolean.
 Holds the value true or the value false.
 Boolean variables are good at keeping track of the
state of some condition when the state has one of two
values. For example:

Values for the state of a garage Associated values for a boolean

door opener's direction variable named upDirection
up true
down false
 40

Boolean Variables
 This code fragment initializes an upDirection
variable to true and shows how to toggle its value
within a loop.
boolean upDirection = true;
do
{ If upDirection holds
the value true, this
...
statement changes it to
upDirection = !upDirection; false, and vice versa.
...
} while (<user presses the garage door opener button>);
 41

Boolean Variables
import java.util.Scanner;

public class GarageDoor

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner stdIn = new Scanner(System.in);
String entry; // user's entry - enter key or q
boolean upDirection = true; // Is the current direction up?
boolean inMotion = false; // Is garage door currently moving?

System.out.println("GARAGE DOOR OPENER SIMULATOR\n");

do
{
System.out.print("Press Enter, or enter 'q' to quit: ");
entry = stdIn.nextLine();

if (entry.equals("")) // pressing Enter generates ""

{
inMotion = !inMotion; // button toggles motion state
 42

Boolean Variables
if (inMotion)
{
if (upDirection)
{
System.out.println("moving up");
}
else
{
System.out.println("moving down");
}
}
else
{
System.out.println("stopped");
upDirection = !upDirection; // direction reverses at stop
}
} // end if entry = ""
} while (entry.equals(""));
} // end main
} // end GarageDoor class
 43

Input Validation
 boolean variables are often used for input validation.
 Input validation is when a program checks a user's
input to make sure it's valid, i.e., correct and
reasonable. If it's valid, the program continues. If it's
invalid, the program enters a loop that warns the user
about the erroneous input and then prompts the user
to re-enter.
 In the GarageDoor program, note how the program
checks for an empty string (which indicates the user
wants to continue), but it doesn't check for a q.
 44

Input Validation
 To add input validation to the GarageDoor program, replace the
GarageDoor program's prompt with the following code. It
forces the user to press Enter or enter a q or Q.
validEntry = false;
do
{
System.out.print("Press Enter, or enter 'q' to quit: ");
entry = stdIn.nextLine();
if (entry.equals("") || entry.equalsIgnoreCase("q"))
{
validEntry = true;
}
else
{
System.out.println("Invalid entry.");
}
} while (validEntry == false);
What is a more elegant
implementation for this?
 45

Boolean Logic
 Boolean logic (= Boolean algebra) is the formal logic
that determines how conditions are evaluated.
 The building blocks for Boolean logic are things that
you've already seen - the logical operators &&, ||, and
!.
 Logical operator review:
 For the && operator, both sides need to be true for the whole
thing to be true.
 For the || operator, only one side needs to be true for the
whole thing to be true.
 The ! operator reverses the truth or falsity of something.
 46

Expression Evaluation Practice

 Assume:
boolean ok = false;
double x = 6.5, y = 10.0;
 Evaluate these expressions:
(x != 6.5) || !ok

true && 12.0 < x + y