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6.3 Vectors in The Plane

This document discusses vectors in the plane including representing vectors using directed line segments with initial and terminal points, writing vectors in component form, and performing operations such as adding and multiplying vectors by scalars. It also covers finding the unit vector in a given direction and writing a vector as a linear combination of the standard unit vectors i and j.

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Aanstein Yalung
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97 views11 pages

6.3 Vectors in The Plane

This document discusses vectors in the plane including representing vectors using directed line segments with initial and terminal points, writing vectors in component form, and performing operations such as adding and multiplying vectors by scalars. It also covers finding the unit vector in a given direction and writing a vector as a linear combination of the standard unit vectors i and j.

Uploaded by

Aanstein Yalung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6.

3 Vectors in the Plane

Many quantities in geometry and physics, such as area, time,


and temperature, can be represented by a single real number.
Other quantities, such as force and velocity, involve both
magnitude and direction and cannot be completely
characterized by a single real number.
To represent such a quantity, we use a directed line segment.
The directed line segment PQ has initial point P and terminal
point Q and we denote its magnitude (length) by PQ .
Q
Terminal Point

P PQ
Initial Point
Vector Representation by Directed Line Segments
Let u be represented by the directed line segment from
P = (0,0) to Q = (3,2), and let v be represented by the directed
line segment from R = (1,2) to S = (4,4). Show that u = v.

Using the distance formula, show


S that u and v have the same length.
4 Show that their slopes are equal.
v
3 u = (3 − 0) + (2 − 0) =
2 2
13
R Q
2
v = (4 − 1)2 + (4 − 2)2 = 13
1 u

P 1 2 3 4
Component Form of a Vector

The component form of the vector with initial point P = (p1, p2)
and terminal point Q = (q1, q2) is

PQ = q1 − p1,q2 − p2 = v1,v2 = v
The magnitude (or length) of v is given by

v = (q1 − p1 ) + (q2 − p2 ) =
2 2 2
v1 + v2
2
Find the component form and length of the vector v that has
initial point (4,-7) and terminal point (-1,5)

6 Let P = (4, -7) = (p1, p2) and


Q = (-1, 5) = (q1, q2).
4
Then, the components of v = v1 , v2
2 are given by
v1 = q1 – p1 = -1 – 4 = -5
-2 2 4
-2 v2 = q2 – p2 = 5 – (-7) = 12
-4 Thus, v = −5,12
-6 and the length of v is
-8 v = (−5) 2 +12 2 = 169 = 13
Vector Operations

The two basic operations are scalar multiplication and vector


addition. Geometrically, the product of a vector v and a scalar
k is the vector that is k times as long as v. If k is positive,
then kv has the same direction as v, and if k is negative, then
kv has the opposite direction of v.
3
v − v
½v 2v -v 2
Definition of Vector Addition & Scalar Multiplication

Let u = u1 ,u 2 and v = v1 , v2 be vectors and let k be a


scalar (real number). Then the sum of u and v is

u + v = u1 + v1 , u 2 + v2

and scalar multiplication of k times u is the vector

ku = k u1 , u2 = ku1 , ku2
Vector Operations

Ex. Let v = −2,5 and w = 3,4 . Find the following vectors.


a. 2v b. w – v
2v = −4,10 w −v = 3 −(−2),4 −5 = 5,−1
10
8 4
2v
6 3
w
4 2
v -v
2 1

-4 -2 2
-2 1 2 3 4 5
-1 w-v
Writing a Linear Combination of Unit Vectors

Let u be the vector with initial point (2, -5) and terminal point
(-1, 3). Write u as a linear combination of the standard unit
vectors of i and j.
6
Solution 10
(-1, 3) 4
2 u = −1 −2,3 + 5 8

6
= −3,8
-2 u 2 4
-2 4 8j
= −3i + 8 j
-4 2
(2, -5) -3i
-6 Graphically,
it looks like… -4 -2 2
-8 -2
Writing a Linear Combination of Unit Vectors

Let u be the vector with initial point (2, -5) and terminal point
(-1, 3).Write u as a linear combination of the standard unit
vectors i and j.
Begin by writing the component form of the vector u.

u = −1− 2,3 − (−5)


u = −3,8
u = −3i + 8 j
€
€
€
Unit Vectors

v ⎛1 ⎞
u = unit vector = = ⎜ ⎟v
v ⎝v ⎠

Find a unit vector in the direction of v = −2,5

v€ −2,5 1 −2 5
= = −2,5 = ,
v 2
(−2) + (5)
2
29 29 29
€

€ €
Vector Operations

Let u = -3i + 8j and let v = 2i - j. Find 2u - 3v.

2u - 3v = 2(-3i + 8j) - 3(2i - j)


= -6i + 16j - 6i + 3j
= -12i + 19 j

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