TYPES OF TRANSLATORS

Copy Reading
Proof reading
Computer Aided
Machine Translation
COPY READING
What is copy reading?
• COPYREADING is another word for editing. It
refers to the serious and comprehensive revision
of an article based on the standards of
publication.
• COPY READER
- a specialist who improves the news story and
makes it worth reading.
- is the guardian between the reporters and
the reading public.
Why is copy reading important?

1. To help make the newspaper bring accurate

information to the reader.

2. To save the newspaper from criticism, libel

suits, and embarrassment.
Qualities of a Good Copyreader
oHe must have a good command of the language
and a comprehensive knowledge of rules of
grammar.
oHe must be a wide reader and always updated on
the current knowledge and information.
oHe must know well the policies of the newspaper
because he is a “watchman” of a newspaper.
oHe must be flexible enough to do multiple jobs
from writing new stories to supervising the layout
of the paper.
Duties of the copy reader
A. Check the content
• check facts
• correct errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation,
usage, and organization
• correct cases of editorializing
B. Use symbols
i. https://
biostatmatt.com/uploads/ProofreadSymbols.p
df
C. Write Headline
PROOFREADING
What is proof reading?
• Proofreading is the process of reviewing the final draft
of a piece of writing to ensure consistency and
accuracy in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and
formatting.
• Proofreader
compares the proofs – printed versions of the
manuscript, which include all the formatting, page
numbers, headers, etc. that will include in the final
edition- with the edited copy to make sure that no errors
have been introduced by the formatting or printing.
PROOFREADING
• Proofreaders ensure that the document's final
draft is completely free of grammatical errors.
(Subject-verb agreement problems, incorrect
word choices, improper punctuation usage, and
incorrect spelling) as well as formatting and
typographical errors. They also make sure the
document adheres to the chosen style guide.
Proofreading is checking copy for;
• Accuracy – spelling, grammar, punctuation, etc.

• Impression – tense, tone, intent

• Professionalism – overall appearance, clarity,

conciseness
Who Proofreads and Why?
• Author (You and I)
• Ensure accuracy
• Prevent giving bad impression
• Help put best foot forward
• Business professionals
• Ensure the message is clear, concise, and
accurate
• Give the reader a good impression of the
company
• Ensure proper response and avoid legal issues
How do you Proofread?
• Prepare for the task
• Clear your work area
• Remove distractions
• Read for understanding
• Ask yourself what the author’s intent is
• Does the correspondence make sense
• Are the spelling or punctuation errors?
• Does it flow smoothly
• Read before changing content
Examples of documents that need proofreading:
1. Essays
2. Portfolios
3. Dissertation
4. Presentation
5. Thesis
6. Flyers
7. Posters
8. Exam papers
9. Text messages
10. Social media posts
11. Job application
What’s the difference between copy reading and
proofreading?
• Copyediting is the process of checking for mistakes,
inconsistencies, and repetition. During this process, your
manuscript is polished for publication.

• In publishing, proofreading happens after the manuscript

has been printed. A final copy of the manuscript, or proof,
is then examined by a professional proofreader.
COMPUTER-AIDED TRANSLATION
• are software applications that assist in translating content
from one language to another.

• Translation tools, also known as CAT (computer-aided

translation), enhance the productivity and consistency of
translators. They usually include several component
technologies in a single integrated workbench, such as
document editors, terminology management, and 
translation memory.
Brief History of CAT tools
• Interest in translation technology grew since the 1950s,
when the needs for translation started to expand
exponentially while the productivity of translators remained
constant.
• companies looked for a method to use computers to aid
translators, especially to reuse previous translations by 
aligning parallel bilingual texts.
• One of the first commercial products to provide this
functionality was Translation Support System created in
the USA.
• Early 1990s, the release of Trados MultiTerm and
Translator’s Workbench by German company TRADOS
Gmbh.
Brief History of CAT tools
•  In 1994, Trados released a Windows version with a MS
Word interface.
• in 1997, when Microsoft decided to not only use their
products for internal localization needs, but also acquired
a 20% share in the company.
• Trados became the clear market leader in CAT software
until it was acquired by competitor SDL in 2005
• In 2009, Google entered the fray with the release of
Google Translator Toolkit. Other modern CAT tools of note
are memoQ and Wordbee.
CAT Tool Features
Termbases
• are translation glossaries that are built from frequently occurring words
or phrases, such as technical terms and brand names. They are used
to pre-translate recurring words and phrases, and to assist translators
in maintaining consistency.
Translation memory
• is an aligned record of previously created translations. When identical
or similar segments are found in a new translation project, translation
memory allows the reuse previous translations with or without
modification.
Quality assurance
• relies on a combination of technology and processes to prevent errors
from creeping into translation projects. The QA process starts before a
project is sent for translation, continues throughout translation and
editing, and lasts until after finalizing the new text in the final format.
CAT Tool Features
Resource lookup
• gives access to online and offline resources, such as dictionaries
and reference materials.
Word counts and match analysis
• provides number of words or characters along with any TM or
internal matches. This forms the basis of quotes for translation
services.
Term extraction
•  allows the extraction of term lists from translation memories or
translated and aligned documents to use in termbases.
Conversion
• of files between translation-specific (.tmx, .tbx, .xliff, etc.) and
source formats.
CAT Tool Features
Alignment
• is the process of matching segments in the source text with their
translated renditions in order to create new translation memory files.
Machine translation
• integration allows connecting an external MT engine which displays
machine-translated words and phrases to the translator, who can
accept or reject them.
Concordance searches
•  are manual searches in a translation memory for a particular word or
phrase.
Predictive typing
•  suggests complete words and phrases to translators as they type
based on the content of dictionaries, termbases and translation
memories.
CAT Tool Features
Spell check
• is a more advanced form of the tool typically seen in simple text
editors. It allows the selection of not only language and flavor, but
also specific grammar and style rules.
Software localization features
• allow translators to work on software files directly and see the
results of their work in a mirrored rendition of the user interface of
the software being translated. Once translation is done, the
localized strings are automatically reintegrated in the software.
Controlled authoring
• prevents writers from using inconsistent terminology, highlights
common errors, and produces standardized output that is search
engine friendly, and translation ready.
CAT tools are generally used by individual translators and
editors. More robust systems used by translation providers
and translation departments inside corporations that allow
for management of linguists, management of translation
workflows, invoicing and billing are known as Translation
Management Systems (TMS).
MACHINE TRANSLATION

• is a technology that automatically translates text using

termbases and advanced grammatical, syntactic and
semantic analysis techniques

• The most well-known of machine translation is Google

Translate.
What is MT Suitable for?
The most common uses of MT technology are as follows:

o Gisting  - The results of MT are generally not as good as

translations produced by humans, but are useful for
understanding roughly what a text says. Such translation
may be good enough depending on the purpose and
target audience.
o MT-human -  In some cases, human translators edit
machine translation results to produce final translations in
what is called post-editing.
What is MT Suitable for?
o   Instant need - It can also be used for providing
translations of materials that are time-sensitive and which
cannot wait for the time required for human translation,
such as results from database queries.
o Controlled language - For texts written in controlled
language, customized MT engines can provide very high-
quality translations, for example in translation of patents
or technical specification sheets.
o High volume – Content producers are generating
exponentially increasing volumes of material, and in many
cases, human translation is simply not economically or
technically feasible.
What is MT Suitable for?
o Pseudotranslation – Localizers can use MT to translate
source text to check for internationalization issues in the
target languages before committing to professional
translation.
o Support for human translators – Modern CAT tools
allow users to translate source segments with MT.
Translators can decide to use the results as they are or
edit them manually, which can speed up their work.
Types of Machine Translation
• Rule-Based Machine Translation (RBMT)
• It works by parsing a source sentence to identify words and
analyze its structure, and then converting it into the target language
based on a manually determined set of rules encoded by linguistic
experts. 
• Statistical Machine Translation (SMT)
• SMT works by training the translation engine with a very large
volume of bilingual (source texts and their translations) and
monolingual corpora.
• Example-Based Machine Translation (EBMT)
• In an EBMT system, a sentence is translated by analogy. A number
of existing translation pairs of source and target sentences are
used as examples.
Types of Machine Translation
• Neural Machine Translation
• Neural machine translation (NMT) is based on the paradigm of
machine learning and is the newest approach to MT. NMT uses
neural networks that consist of nodes conceptually modeled after
the human brain. 
• Hybrid
• rule-based engines using statistical translation for post processing
and cleanup,
• statistical systems guided by rule-based engines.
• either of the above with some input from neural machine translation
system.
Measuring Quality of MT
• Measuring Quality of MT
• Automatic translation quality evaluation plays an important role in
MT research since it helps measure quality between iterations of
an engine and between different engines. However, the correlation
between automatic and human evaluation metrics is not
satisfactory.
SUBTITLING
What is subtitling?

subtitling

audiovisual
Voice-over Audio
translation
description

dubbing
 Subtitling

Intralingua Interlingua
l l
translation translation
The Important Aspect of Subtitling: Constraints
• Synchronization constraints affect a number of aspect of
language transfer.
• Changes from spoken language to written language
cause some problems.
Example:
“In the beautiful autumnal colours, the stunning models
glided around the splendid arena, oozing sophistication and
elegance, doing rightful justice to the imaginative
designers”

“In the arena the designers’ outfits were modelled with

style and elegance.” (translated version)
The Important Aspect of Subtitling: Constraints
• Reading speed of the viewer,

• Age of the viewer

• Countries level of literacy should be taken into the

account.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Subtitling

Advantages of Subtitling Disadvantages of Subtitling

Not expensive ‘contaminate’ the image

Do not take a long time Greater loos of information due to the

compression

Have a role language learning The attention of the audience is spilt

among image, soundtrack and
subtitles
Is better for hard-of hearing and the
deaf