Linear Circuit Analysis (EE-101) : Electric Signals
Linear Circuit Analysis (EE-101) : Electric Signals
Linear Circuit Analysis (EE-101) : Electric Signals
(EE-101)
Electric signals
Signals
Concepts
Specific objectives are
What is signal?
Differenttypes of signals
1.Analog &Digital Signal
2.Periodic & Aperiodic
signal 3.Power & Energy
signal
What is
signal?
In electrical engineering, the fundamental quantity of
representing some information is called a signal. It does not
matter what the information is i-e: Analog or digital
information. In mathematics, a signal is a function that
conveys some information. In fact any quantity measurable
through time over space or any higher dimension can be taken
as a signal. A signal could be of any dimension and could be
of any form.
Analog and Digital
Analog Signal
signal is a continuous signal for which the time varying
feature of the signal is a representation of some other time varying
quantity.
is:
1 1
t 2 t1
Odd and Even
An even signal is identical to its time reversed signal, i.e. it
Signals
can be reflected in the origin and is equal to the
original:
x(t) x(t)
Examples:
x(t) =
cos(t) x(t)
=c
An odd
signal is
identical to
its negated,
time reversed
signal,
i.e. it is equal
to the
negative
Time Shift
Signal
A central concept in signal analysis is the transformation of one signal
into another signal. Of particular interest are simple
transformations that involve a transformation of the time axis only.
A linear time shift signal transformation is given by:
y(t) x(at b)
where b represents a signal offset from 0, and the a parameter
represents a signal stretching if |a|>1, compression if 0<|a|<1 and
a reflection if a<0.
Exponential and Sinusoidal
Signals
Exponential and sinusoidal signals are characteristic of real-world
signals and also from a basis (a building block) for other
signals.
A generic complex exponential signal is of the form:
x(t) Ceat
where C and a are, in general, complex numbers. Lets
investigate some special cases of this signal
Real exponential signals
Exponential growth Exponential decay
a0 a0
C0 C0
Periodic Complex Expo n en t
Sinusoidal
ial &
Consider when a is purely imaginary:
Signals x(t) Ce j0t
e j (t T ) cos (t T ) j sin (t T
0
) j t
when T=2/0 cos00t j sin 0t e 0
0
A closely related signal is the sinusoidal
T0 = 0
signal:
2/=
We can always use: 0 2f0 T0 is the fundamental
x(t) cos0 t
time period
0 is the fundamental
A cos0 t Aej() t 0
frequency
Asin t
0 j ( t 0
)
Exponential & Sinusoidal
Periodic signals, in particular complex
Signal
periodic and sinusoidal signals, have
infinite total energy but finite average
power.
Consider energy over one period:
E period T e j t 2 dt
0
0
0
T0
1dt 0
0
Therefore: T
E
Average power:
1
Pperiod T Eperiod
0
Useful to 1consider harmonic signals
is: E x(t) dt
2
t1
lim
N
n x[n] 2
N
P
lim N
1
Two important (sub)classes of signals
1. Finite total energy (and therefore zero average power)
N
2N 1
2. Finite average power (and therefore infinite total energy)
Signal analysis over infinite time, all depends on the “tails” (limiting
behaviour)
Thanks!