MMW Chap 4 Data Management Part 1

Learning Objectives
o Compare the forms (textual, tabular, and graphical) of data.

o Identify the essential parts of a table and describe the
different kinds of graphs for data presentation.
o Draw the graph/table to present the data.
o Analyze and interpret the data presented in a graph/table.
o Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.
o Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.
o Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
o Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.
o Support the use of mathematics in various aspects and
endeavors in life.
Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Topic Outline
I. Introduction to Data Management

II. Measures of Central Tendency
III. Measures of Dispersion
IV. Measures of Relative Position
V. Probabilities and Normal Distributions
VI. Linear Regression and Correlation

Frequency Distribution
Tabular Form
It is a group of data into categories showing

the number of observations in each of the
non-overlapping classes.
Mutually Exclusive &

Exhaustive

Constructing Frequency Distribution
Grouped Frequency
Categorical Frequency
Grouped Frequency Distribution
Determining Class Interval

Categorical Frequency
It is used to organized nominal-level or ordinal-level type of

data.
Examples:
Gender Political affiliation
Business type Year level

Example 1
Twenty applicants were given a performance evaluation
appraisal. The data set is
High High High Low Average

Average Low Average Average Average
Low Average Average High High
Low Low Average High High
Construct a frequency for the data.

Step 1
Construct a table.
Class Tally Frequency Percent

High
Average
Low

Step 2
Tally the raw data.

High IIII-II
Average IIII-III
Low IIII
High High High Low Average

Average Low Average Average Average
Low Average Average High High
Low Low Average High High

Step 3
Convert the tallied data into numerical frequencies.
Class Tally Frequency

High IIII-II 7
Average IIII-III 8
Low IIII 5

Step 4
Determine the percentage.

High IIII-II 7 35
Average IIII-III 8 40
Low IIII 5 25
Percentage Formula: Frequency of

the class
f
%   100%
n Total number
Percentage of values
Determining Class Interval
Rule: 2k ≥ n
Range
Suggested Class Interval 
1  3.322 (log arithm of total frequencies)

Example 2
Suppose a researcher wished to do a study on the
monthly salary of young professionals of selected
companies in Makati City. The research first
would have to collect the data by asking each
young professional about his monthly salary. The
data collected in original form is called raw data.
In this case, the data are
17,400 32,400 20,200 21,300 26,200 22,750 24,600 27,300 23,500 29,500
14,000 30,500 17,950 20,250 24,750 21,750 23,700 26,500 22,900 27,500
15,500 30,700 18,400 20,400 25,000 21,900 23,850 26,800 23,000 27,800
17,300 32,100 20,000 21,000 26,100 22,600 24,500 27,000 23,400 29,300
15,700 30,700 18,700 20,500 25,150 21,900 24,100 26,900 23,200 27,900
14,300 30,650 18,350 20,300 25,000 21,800 23,700 26,500 22,900 27,600
17,001 30,750 18,800 20,800 26,000 22,000 24,300 27,000 23,400 27,900
17,800 33,500 20,250 21,600 26,300 22,800 24,700 27,400 23,700 30,400

Example 2
Construct a frequency distribution using Rule 1 and

determine the following
Range Percentage
Interval Midpoints
Class limits Cumulative frequencies
Relative frequencies

Step 1
Arrange the raw data in ascending or descending order.
14,000 17,950 20,250 21,750 22,900 23,700 24,750 26,500 27,500 30,500
14,300 18,350 20,300 21,800 22,900 23,700 25,000 26,500 27,600 30,650
15,500 18,400 20,400 21,900 23,000 23,850 25,000 26,800 27,800 30,700
15,700 18,700 20,500 21,900 23,200 24,100 25,150 26,900 27,900 30,700
17,001 18,800 20,800 22,000 23,400 24,300 26,000 27,000 27,900 30,750
17,300 20,000 21,000 22,600 23,400 24,500 26,100 27,000 29,300 32,100
17,400 20,200 21,300 22,750 23,500 24,600 26,200 27,300 29,500 32,400
17,800 20,250 21,600 22,800 23,700 24,700 26,300 27,400 30,400 33,500

Step 2
Determine the classes
 Find the Highest Value (HV) and Lowest Value (LV) in

the data set.
HV = 33,500 and LV = 14,000
 Find the Range
Range = HV – LV = 33,500 – 14,000 = 19,500

or
 Determine the number of classes using

2K ≥ n Rule

Determining the Number of Classes
2k ≥ n (2 raised to the power of k.)
 When k = 6
?
2k ≥ n  26  80  64  80
 When k = 7
?
2k ≥ n  27 ≥ 80  128 ≥ 80
Thus, the recommended no. of classes is 7.

Determine the Class Interval (width)
Range
19.5
¿
1 +3.322 ¿ ¿
≈ 2.66

Thus, the interval is 3.

Step 2 (continuation)
Select a starting point for the lowest class limit
14,000
14,000 17,950 20,250 21,750 22,900 23,700 24,750 26,500 27,500 30,500
14,300 18,350 20,300 21,800 22,900 23,700 25,000 26,500 27,600 30,650
15,500 18,400 20,400 21,900 23,000 23,850 25,000 26,800 27,800 30,700
15,700 18,700 20,500 21,900 23,200 24,100 25,150 26,900 27,900 30,700
17,001 18,800 20,800 22,000 23,400 24,300 26,000 27,000 27,900 30,750
17,300 20,000 21,000 22,600 23,400 24,500 26,100 27,000 29,300 32,100
17,400 20,200 21,300 22,750 23,500 24,600 26,200 27,300 29,500 32,400
17,800 20,250 21,600 22,800 23,700 24,700 26,300 27,400 30,400 33,500

Grouped Frequency Distribution
It is used when the range of the data set is large.
The data are grouped into classes
 Categorical
 Interval or Ratio

Determine Lower and Upper class limits
Class Limits
14,000 17,000
17,000 20,000
Lower 20,000 23,000 Upper
Limit 23,000 26,000 Limit
26,000 29,000
29,000 32,000
32,000 35,000

Step 3
Convert the tallied data to numerical frequencies
Class Limits Tally Frequency
14,000 17,000 IIII 4

17,000 20,000 IIII-IIII 10
20,000 23,000 IIII-IIII-IIII-IIII-I 21
23,000 26,000 IIII-IIII-IIII-III 18
26,000 29,000 IIII-IIII-IIII-I 16
29,000 32,000 IIII-III 8
32,000 35,000 III 3

Step 4
Determine the relative frequency (rf)
Class Limits Frequency Relative Frequency
14,000 17,000 4 0.05

17,000 20,000 10 0.12
20,000 23,000 21 0.26
23,000 26,000 18 0.23
26,000 29,000 16 0.20
29,000 32,000 8 0.10
32,000 35,000 3 0.04
Total
Total 80
80 1.00
1.00
3  80 ≈ 0.04

Step 5
Determine the percentage
Class Limits Frequency Percentage
14,000 17,000 4 5
17,000 20,000 10 12
20,000 23,000 21 26
23,000 26,000 18 23
26,000 29,000 16 20
29,000 32,000 8 10
32,000 35,000 3 4
Total
Total 80
80 100
100
(3  80)  100% ≈ 4%

Step 6
Determine the cumulative frequencies (cf)
Class Limits f cf Found by
14,000 17,000 4 4 4
17,000 20,000 10 14 4 + 10
20,000 23,000 21 35 4 + 10 +21
23,000 26,000 18 53 4 + 10 +21+18
26,000 29,000 16 69 4 + 10 +21+18+16
29,000 32,000 8 77 4 + 10 +21+18+16+8
32,000 35,000 3 80 4 + 10 +21+18+16+8+3
Total 80

Step 6
Determine the midpoints (X)

Class Limits f X Found by
(14,000 + 17,000)  2
14,000 17,000 4 15,500 (17,000 + 20,000)  2
17,000 20,000 10 18,500 (20,000 + 23,000)  2
20,000 23,000 21 21,500 (23,000 + 26,000)  2
23,000 26,000 18 24,500
26,000 29,000 16 27,500 (26,000 + 29,000)  2
29,000 32,000 8 30,500 (29,000 + 32,000)  2
32,000 35,000 3 33,500 (32,000 + 35,000)  2
Total 80

Example 3
SJS Travel Agency, a nationwide local
travel agency, offers special rates on
summer period. The owner wants
additional information on the ages of
those people taking travel tours. A
random sample of 50 customers taking
travel tours last summer revealed these
ages.
18 29 42 57 61 67 37 49 53 47
24 34 45 58 63 70 39 51 54 48
28 36 46 60 66 72 40 52 56 49
19 31 44 58 62 68 38 50 54 48
27 36 46 59 64 72 39 51 55 48
Construct a frequency distribution using Rule 2.
Step 1
Arrange the raw data in ascending or descending order.
18 29 37 42 47 49 53 57 61 67
19 31 38 44 48 50 54 58 62 68
24 34 39 45 48 51 54 58 63 70
27 36 39 46 48 51 55 59 64 74
28 36 40 46 49 52 56 60 66 77

Step 2
Determine the classes
 Find the Highest Value (HV) and Lowest Value (LV) in

the data set.
HV = 77 and LV = 18
 Find the Range
Range = HV – LV = 77 – 18 = 59
 Determine the number of classes using

Range

Determine the Class Interval (width)
Range
77  18

1  3.322(log 50)
59

1  3.322 (1.698970004)
59

6.643978354
 8.88  9
Thus, the interval is 9.

Determine Lower and Upper class limits
Class Limits
18 < 27
27 < 36
Lower 36 < 45 Upper
Limit 45 < 54 Limit
54 < 63
63 < 72
72 < 81

Step 3
Convert the tallied data to numerical frequencies
Class Limits Tally Frequency
18 < 27 III 3
27 < 36 IIII 5
36 < 45 IIII-IIII 9
45 < 54 IIII-IIII-IIII 14
54 < 63 IIII-IIII-I 11
63 < 72 IIII-I 6
72 < 81 III 2

Step 4
Determine the relative frequency (rf)
Class Limits Frequency Relative Frequency
18 < 27 3 0.05
27 < 36 5 0.11
36 < 45 9 0.20
45 < 54 14 0.29
54 < 63 11 0.21
63 < 72 6 0.10
72 < 81 2 0.04
Total 50 1.00
2  50 ≈ 0.04

Step 5
Determine the percentage
Class Limits Frequency Percentage
18 < 27 3 6
27 < 36 5 10
36 < 45 9 18
45 < 54 14 28
54 < 63 11 22
63 < 72 6 12
72 < 81 2 4
Total 50 100
(2  50)  100% = 4

Graphing Frequency Distribution
Histogram
Frequency Polygon
Cumulative Frequency or Ogive

Example 4
Given the data below.
Class Limits X f cf
15 4 4
14 16 18 9 13
17 19 21 16 29
20 22 24 23 52
23 25 27 17 69
26 28 30 8 77
29 31 33 3 80
32 34
Construct a histogram and frequency polygon

Histogram
A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis

(x-axis) and the class frequencies on the vertical axis (y-axis).
Histogram
Histogramfor
forCall
CallCenter
CenterAgents'
Agents'Salary
Salary
25
25
20
20
Frequency
15
Frequency
15
10
10
55 Midpoints
00
15
15 18
18 21
21 24
24 27
27 30
30 33
33
Salary
Salary(in
(inThousands)
Thousands)

Frequency Polygon
A graph that displays the data using points which are
connected by lines.
Frequency
FrequencyPolygon
Polygonfor
forCall
CallCenter
CenterAgents'
Agents'Salary
Salary
25
25
20
20
Frequency
15
Frequency
15
10
10
55
Midpoints
00
15
15 18
18 21
21 24
24 27
27 30
30 33
33
Salary
Salary(inThousands)
(inThousands)

Population vs Sample
A graph that displays the cumulative frequencies for the

classes in a frequency distribution.
Ogive
Ogivefor
forCall
CallCenter
CenterAgents'
Agents'Salary
Salary
100
100
Frequency
CumulativeFrequency
80
80
60
60
40 Upper Class
Cumulative
40
20
20 Boundaries
00
16.5
16.5 19.5
19.5 22.5
22.5 25.5
25.5 28.5
28.5 31.5
31.5 34.5
34.5
Real
RealLimit
Limit(Salary
(SalaryininThousands)
Thousands)

Other Types of Graphs/Charts
Pareto Chart
Bar Chart (Bar Graph)
Pie Chart (Circle Graph)
Time Series Graph
Pictograph
Scatter Plot

Example 4
Using the information in the table
below about the favorite snacks of
870 consumers, construct a pareto
chart, bar chart, and pie chart.
Products Sales
Junk Foods 135
Candy 250
Ice Cream 185
Chocolate 210
Others 90

Pareto Chart
It represent a frequency distribution for a categorical data (or
nominal-level) & frequencies are displayed by the heights of
vertical bars, which are arranged in order from highest to
lowest.
Favorite
FavoriteSnacks
Snacks
300
300
250
Millions)
250
(inMillions)
200
200
150
150
Sales(in
100
100
Sales
50
50
0
0
Candy Chocolate Ice Cre am Junk Foods Othe rs
Candy Chocolate Ice Cre am Junk Foods Othe rs
Products
Products

Bar Chart (Bar Graph)
The bases of the rectangles are arbitrary intervals whose
centers are the codes. The height of each rectangle represents
the frequency of that category. It is also applicable for
categorical data (or nominal-level).
Favorite
FavoriteSnacks
Snacks
300
300
250
Millions)
250
(inMillions)
200
200
150
150
Sales(in
100
100
Sales
50
50
00
Junk
JunkFoods
Foods Candy
Candy Ice
IceCream
Cream Chocolate
Chocolate Others
Others
Products
Products

Pie Chart (Circle Graph)
A circle divided into portions that represent the relative
frequencies (or percentages) of the data belonging to different
categories. The data in a pie chart should be categorical or
nominal-level.
Favorite Snacks
Favorite Snacks
Others
Others
10%
10% Candy
Candy
29%
Junk Foods 29%
Junk Foods
16%
16%
Ice Cream
Ice Cream Chocolate
21% Chocolate
21% 24%
24%

Time-Series Graph
It represents data that occur over specific period of time

under observation.
It shows for a trend or pattern on the increase or decrease

over the period of time.

Example 5
Using the information in the table

below about the dollar to peso
exchange rate from January to
December of 2016, construct a time
series graph.
Month Jan Feb March April May June

Peso/US Dollar 41 42 43 46 44 45
Exchange Rate
Month July August Sept Oct Nov Dec
Peso/US Dollar 43 42 45 44 45 43
Exchange Rate

Solution
Peso-US
Peso-USDollar
DollarExchange
ExchangeRate
Rate
47
47
46
46
Dollar
USDollar
45
45
44
44
43
perUS
43
42
42
Pesoper
41
41
Peso
40
40
39
39
38
38
Jan
Jan Feb
Feb Mar
Mar Apr
Apr May
May Jun
Jun Jul
Jul Aug
Aug SSep
ep Oc
Oct t Nov
Nov Dec
Dec
Months
Months

Pictograph
It immediately suggests the nature of the data being shown.
It is a combination of the attention-getting quality and the

accuracy of the bar chart.
Appropriate pictures arranged in a row (sometimes in a

column) present the quantities for comparison.

Example 6
The VSAS Realty Inc. is a real estate

who develops household in Rizal
province. The information in the
table show the number of house
construction from 2013 to 2017.
Construct a pictograph.
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

No. of Houses 400 250 600 550 700

Solution
800
700
600
No. of houses
500
400
300
200
100
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year
Legend: = 100 houses

Scatter Plot
It used to examine possible relationships between two

numerical variables.
The two variables are plot in x-axis and y-axis.

Example 7
The owner of a chain of halo-halo stores would like to study
the effect of atmospheric temperature on sales during the
summer season. A random sample of 12 days is selected
with the results given as follows:
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Temperature (°F) 79 76 78 84 90 83 93 94 97 85 88 82
Total Sales 147 143 147 168 206 155 192 211 209 187 200 150

Solution
225
225
200
200
175
175
150
150
(Y)
125
Sales(Y)
125
Sales
100
100
75
75
50
50
25
25
00
00 15
15 30
30 45
45 60
60 75
75 90
90
Temperature
Temperature(X)
(X)

Guidelines for Developing Graphs/Charts
 The graph or chart should include a title.
 The scales for all axes should be included.
 The scale on the y-axis should start at zero.
 The graph or chart should not disfigure the data.
 The x-axis and y-axis should be properly labeled.
 The graph or chart should not contain unnecessary

decorations.
 The simplest possible graph or chart should be used for

any data set.

Statistics: The only Science that
enables different experts using the
same figure to draw different
conclusions.
– Evan Esar
Copyright 2018:
Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

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Learning Objectives

o Compare the forms (textual, tabular, and graphical) of data.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

I. Introduction to Data Management

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

It is a group of data into categories showing

Mutually Exclusive &

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Determining Class Interval

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

It is used to organized nominal-level or ordinal-level type of

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

High High High Low Average

Construct a frequency for the data.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Class Tally Frequency Percent

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Class Tally Frequency Percent

High High High Low Average

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Convert the tallied data into numerical frequencies.

Class Tally Frequency

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Class Tally Frequency Percent

Percentage Formula: Frequency of

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Construct a frequency distribution using Rule 1 and

Class limits Cumulative frequencies

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Arrange the raw data in ascending or descending order.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

 Find the Highest Value (HV) and Lowest Value (LV) in

HV = 33,500 and LV = 14,000

 Find the Range

Range = HV – LV = 33,500 – 14,000 = 19,500

 Determine the number of classes using

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

2k ≥ n (2 raised to the power of k.)

Thus, the recommended no. of classes is 7.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Thus, the interval is 3.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

It is used when the range of the data set is large.

The data are grouped into classes

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Class Limits Tally Frequency

14,000 17,000 IIII 4

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Class Limits Frequency Relative Frequency

14,000 17,000 4 0.05

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Class Limits Frequency Percentage

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.

Determine the midpoints (X)

Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.