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 HISTORY OF CHESS

Until the end of the 15th Chess made its way via The history of a chess can be
century, chess changed Islamic Arabian empire to traced back around 5000 years.
numerous times, survived Europe. It started in the North of India,
sanctions by the Christian travelled to Persia from there
Church as well as complete and then spread throughout the
prohibition from time to time. Asian continent
Until the 1800’s the game
developed into shape of the
modern chess game.
 The 20th century The first official World This period is known as “the
revolutionized chess with the Championship was romantic era of chess”
invention of databases and hosted in 1886 where Chess players mainly relied
chess engines in 1997. World Wilhelm Steinitz on tactics sacrifices and
Chess Champion Garry became the first official extremely dynamic play
Kasparov lost a six game Chess World Champion.
match to the IBM’s computer
Deep Blue
Chess websites and online chess
games are invented and become
more and more popular. Chess
com’s website was launched in
2007, lichess’s website in 2010
and chess24’s website in 2014.
 EQUIPMENT USED IN CHESS
o Chess is played on a square board divided
into 64 squares (eight-by-eight) of
alternating color.
o No matter what the actual colors of the
board, the lighter-colored squares are
called “light” or “white” and the darker-
colored squares are called “dark” or
“black”.
o Sixteen White and sixteen Black pieces are
THE CHESSBOARD
placed on the board at the beginning of the
game. The board is placed so that a white
square is in each player’s bottom-right corner.
o Horizontal rows are called ranks and vertical rows are called files.
o According to FIDE equipment standards, the length of side of a
square should be twice the length of the diameter of the base of a
pawn.

THE CHESSBOARD
CHESS PIECE
 A chess piece, or chessman, is any of the 32 movable objects
deployed on a chessboard used to play the game of chess. In a standard
game of chess, each of the two players begins a game with the following
16 pieces:
ARRANGEMENTS OF PIECES
 NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE GAME

The game of chess is played between two opponents

who move their pieces alternately on a square board called a
chessboard. The player with the White pieces commences the
game. A player is said to ‘have the move’ when his opponent’s
move has been completed.
The object of the game is to trap the opponent’s king so that its escape is not
possible (checkmate). If a player’s king is threatened with capture, it is said to be in
check, and the player must remove the threat of capture on the next move. If this
cannot be done, the king is said to be in checkmate. The objective of each player is to
put the opponent’s king under attack in such a way that the opponent has no legal
move. The player who achieves this goal is said to have checkmated the opponent’s
king and to have won the game.
 Leaving one’s king under attack, exposing one’s king to attack and
also ’capturing’ the opponent’s king is not allowed – the opponent whose
king has been checkmated has lost the game. If the position is such that
neither player can possibly achieve a checkmate, the game is drawn.

Although the king is the most

important piece, it is usually the weakest
piece in the game until a later phase, the
endgame.
RULES OF THE GAME
Chess is the most intelligent game ever invented. It has a lot of
things that are similar to life. It trains you to use all your resources to the
maximum extent. Learning basic chess rules will help you build a strong
foundation in chess. Many students do not have clear picture on these
rules at their beginning stages.
Chess teaches you administration and to extract work from your
subordinates. It is a battle between two monarchs. The king manages the
troops. He plans the operation and executes it.
 Evolution of chess
rules The rules of chess have evolved much over the centuries, from the
early chess-like games played in India in the 6th century. For much of that
time, the rules varied from area to area. The modern rules first took form in
Italy during the 13th century, giving more mobility to pieces that previously
had more restricted movement (such as the queen and bishop). Such
modified rules entered into an accepted form during the late-15th or early
16th century.
The basic moves of the king, rook, and knight remain unchanged.
Pawns originally did not have the option of moving two squares on their first
move and when promoted by reaching the eighth rank, could become a
queen, rook, bishop, or knight.
Draw
1. There isn’t always a winner and a loser in chess. There are several reasons why
a chess of game may end in a draw:
2. Both players agree on a draw.
3. Both players have traded enough pieces so that it is impossible for either player
to checkmate the other.
4. Either player can declare a draw if the same position is reached three times.
5. Either player can declare a draw if 50 chess moves (50 white and 50 black)
have been made and not a single pawn move or a piece has been captured.
6. It is one’s player turn to move, and while he is not in check, he does not have
any legal moves. This is called stalemate
 Let’s look at a position to understand more
what stalemate is

We can see that white has no legal moves in this position. We can
also see that black has cornered the king and has an extra queen. If it was
white to move, this position would be drawn, because white has no legal
moves.
If it was black to move, black could realize any move to avoid
stalemate and checkmate white in the future
MOVEMENTS OF THE PIECES

The king moves exactly one square horizontally, vertically or

diagonally.
The rook moves horizontally or vertically, through any number of
unoccupied squares.
A bishop moves any number of vacant squares in any diagonal direction.
The queen moves any number of vacant squares in a horizontal, vertical or
diagonal direction. When making these moves, the bishop, rook or queen
may not move over any intervening pieces
 A knight moves to the nearest square not on the same rank, file or
diagonal. (This can be thought of as moving two squares horizontally
then one square vertically, or moving one square horizontally then two
squares vertically— i.e. in an “L” pattern.) The knight is not blocked by
other pieces: it jumps to the new location
Pawns have the most complex rules of movement:
A pawn moves straight forward one square, if that square is vacant. If it has
not yet made its first move, a pawn also has the option of moving two
squares straight forward, provided both squares are vacant. Pawns cannot
move backwards. What happens when a pawn reaches the farthest possible
square?
Whenever a pawn (black or white) reaches the last rank, it can promote
into a queen, rook, bishop, or knight. We can see that for white the last rank
is the 8th rank, and for black it is the 1st rank. While this may not happen
very often in the early stages in the game, in the later stages pawn
promotions determine the outcomes of games.
MOVEMENT OF PAWN
SPECIAL CHESS MOVES

en passant capture
A pawn attacking a square crossed by an
opponent’s pawn which has advanced two
squares in one move from its original
square may capture this opponent’s pawn
as though the latter had been moved only
one square. This capture is only legal in the
following move:

This advance is called an ‘en passant ‘capture.

Castling
There are two different ways of moving the king: by moving to any
adjoining square not attacked by one or more of the opponent’s pieces or
by castling.
The latter is a move made by the king and either rook of the same
colour along the player’s first rank, counting as a single move of the king
and executed as follows: the king is transferred from its original square
two squares towards the rook on its original square, then that rook is
transferred to the square the king has just crossed.
 Note: For castling to be legal, the king or rook must not
have been moved previously.