CHE-221 Lect 2

Dr.
Zaib Jahan
Introduction
• Mechanics: The oldest physical science that deals with both
stationary and moving bodies under the influence of forces.
• Statics: The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at
rest.
• Dynamics: The branch that deals with bodies in motion.
• Fluid mechanics: The science that deals with the behavior of
fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and
the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the
boundaries.
• Fluid dynamics: Fluid mechanics is also referred to as fluid
dynamics by considering fluids at rest as a special case of
motion with zero velocity.
Introduction
• Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be
approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, especially water,
and gases at low speeds).
• Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with
liquid flows in pipes and open channels.
• Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant
density changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high
speeds.
• Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over
bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low
speeds.
• Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with naturally
occurring flows.
Fluid Mechanics Overview
Equations of fluid dynamics
• The foundational axioms of fluid dynamics are the
conservation laws, specifically, conservation of mass,
conservation of momentum (also known as Newton's
second law and third law), and conservation of energy.
They are expressed using the Reynolds transport
theorem.
• In common terms, this means the fluid continues to
flow, regardless of the forces acting on it. For example,
water is Newtonian, because it continues to exemplify
fluid properties no matter how fast it is stirred or mixed.
What is a Fluid?
• Fluid: A substance in the liquid or gas

phase.
• A solid can resist an applied shear
stress by deforming.
• A fluid deforms continuously under the
influence of a shear stress, no matter
how small.
• In solids, stress is proportional to Deformation of a rubber block
strain, but in fluids, stress is placed between two parallel plates
proportional to strain rate. under the influence of a shear
• When a constant shear force is force. The shear stress shown is
applied, a solid eventually stops that on the rubber—an equal but
deforming at some fixed strain angle, opposite shear stress acts on the
whereas a fluid never stops deforming
upper plate.
and approaches a constant rate of
strain.
Stress: Force per unit area.
Normal stress: The normal
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Shear stress: The tangential
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Pressure: The normal stress in a fluid
at rest.
Zero shear stress: A fluid at rest is at
a state of zero shear stress.
When the walls are removed or a
liquid container is tilted, a shear
develops as the liquid moves to re-
establish a horizontal free surface.
The normal stress and shear stress at
the surface of a fluid element. For
fluids at rest, the shear stress is zero
and pressure is the only normal stress.
Velocity Profile
Forces on a Fluid Mass
• Body force (gravitational, electric or magnetic
fields).
• Surface force, represents the action of the
surrounding fluid on the element under
consideration(Shear or Normal pressure).
• Pressure force, for a stationary fluid the force
exerted is normal to the surface of the
containing vessel. this normal surface force is
called as pressure force.
Important Parameters
• Mass density
• Specific weight
• Specific volume
• Specific gravity
• Viscosity
– Absolute viscosity
– Dynamic viscosity
– Kinematic viscosity
Primary Units
Derived units
Classification of fluids
Viscous vs inviscous fluid
• A fluid having certain viscosity at a given temp & pressure that may be
compressible or incompressible, is called a viscous or real fluid.
• A fluid that is incompressible, has zero viscosity & zero rotational flow is
called an ideal fluid or in-viscous fluids.
Classification of fluids flow:
• Stokes flow is flow at very low Reynolds numbers, such that inertial
forces can be neglected compared to viscous forces.
• Inviscid flow on the contrary, high Reynolds numbers indicate that the
inertial forces are more significant than the viscous (friction) forces.
Therefore, we may assume the flow to be an inviscid flow, an
approximation in which we neglect viscosity at all, compared to inertial
terms
Viscosity
Newtonian vs non-Newtonian fluids
Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluid
Shear Stress Vs Strain
(c) Viscoelastic fluids
• These fluids exhibit elastic recovery from deformations which

occur during flow (exhibits characteristics of a solid).
• Gelatin is an example of a viscoelastic fluid.

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Dr.

• Fluid: A substance in the liquid or gas

• These fluids exhibit elastic recovery from deformations which

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