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Live Your Life. Create Your Destiny.: Department of Chemical, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering

Here are the solutions to the homework problems: 1. For a regular cylinder of diameter 3.0 m and a length of 1.0 mm: a. Sieve aperture diameter, xp = 3.0 m b. Equivalent volume sphere diameter, dv = 3.0 m c. Equivalent surface sphere diameter, ds = 3.14 m d. Surface-volume ratio, dsv = 3.14 m2/m3 2. For a cuboid of sides length 1,3,5 mm: e. Sieve aperture diameter, xp = 1 mm f. Equivalent volume sphere diameter, dv = 1.58 mm g. Equivalent surface sphere

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127 views

Live Your Life. Create Your Destiny.: Department of Chemical, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering

Here are the solutions to the homework problems: 1. For a regular cylinder of diameter 3.0 m and a length of 1.0 mm: a. Sieve aperture diameter, xp = 3.0 m b. Equivalent volume sphere diameter, dv = 3.0 m c. Equivalent surface sphere diameter, ds = 3.14 m d. Surface-volume ratio, dsv = 3.14 m2/m3 2. For a cuboid of sides length 1,3,5 mm: e. Sieve aperture diameter, xp = 1 mm f. Equivalent volume sphere diameter, dv = 1.58 mm g. Equivalent surface sphere

Uploaded by

Itumeleng Phoenix
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 1

Live your life. Create your destiny.

Department of Chemical, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering


Introduction to Particle Technology
• Particle Technology
– Study of materials dispersed within a continuous fluid.

• Fluid
– Substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied
shear stress. e.g. liquids, gases, plasmas, and to some extent,
plastic solids.
– A substance that does not permanently resist distraction and,
hence, will change its shape.

• Nature of particles
– Solids
– Oil droplets in water
– Water droplets in air
– etc.
• Applications include:
– Understanding of raindrops, oil emulsions, powders, slurries,
granules, pastes, etc.
– Fluidization
– Gas cleaning
– Catalysis
– Chemical Industries
– Pharmaceuticals
– Mineral Processing
Chapter 1: Particle Size Analysis
1.1. Introduction
– In this course, the emphasis will be on powder/particle
technology
• Powder Technology is a term used to refer to the science and technology
related to handling and processing particles.
• The study of powder technology includes, amongst many, solids processing
which is termed particulate solids.

– Particulate solids are the solid materials defined by the physical


characteristics, such as shape, size and size distribution
Objectives of this lesson
– What are particulate systems
– Size distribution
– Classification of particle shape
– Methods of particle size measurement
– Calculations of mean particle size
1.2. Describing the size of a single particle
– In particulate solids, size and size distribution play a key role in
determining the bulk properties of a powder.
– Bulk properties are sometimes called the intensive properties
which are the properties in which their system does not depend
on the size or the amount of material in that system.

– Example of intensive properties:


• Density
• Size
• Size distribution
• Dimension

− Description of particle size distribution making up a powder is


termed characterization of the powder.
− Characterization of powder can easily be done with a mono-
sized distribution of regular shapes to give accurate sizes and
dimensions.
• Characterization
– Determining the physical properties of a collection of particles.

– Difficulties can include:


• Measurement of a property. e.g. surface characteristics
• Choosing the right parameter. e.g. density
• Defining a measurement that holds true for a collection of particles in a
system when it varies for individuals. e.g. size
• Defining any sort of measurement. e.g. shape

Examples of regular shaped particles


Shapes Sphere Cube cylinder cuboids cone
Dimensions Radius Side length Radius and Three sides Radius and
height length height
Where:
• Particle aperture size Xp refers to the second largest
dimension of the particle.

• Sphericity
– Shapes of particles often refer by their sphericity. i.e. how similar
are they to sphere.
– A sphere is the only shape that can be described by a single
number. If you say that you have a 50mm sphere, this describes
it exactly.
– It is not possible to do the same even for a cube, where 50mm
may refer to an edge or a diagonal.
• Sphericity cont...
– Sphericity for spheres is 1, for non-spherical particles it is
defined as:
6V p
 
Dp S p

Where: Dp is the equivalent diameter of the particle


Sp is the surface area of the particle
Vp is the volume of the particle.

– Dp is the diameter of a spherical particle with the same volume,


the same area or the same ratio of volume to surface area.
– Dp depends upon the property selected for equivalence.
• Sphericity cont...

surface area of sphere of same volume as the particle


Sphericity ( ) 
surface area of the particle

Class Exercise
Calculate the sphericity of a cylinder of diameter 1 cm and
height 3 cm.
Solution

1 cm
3 cm

For a cylinder: Vc  r 2 h  volume


 1 2   3
2

 2.356cm3

Ac  2r (h  r )  area
 2 3  1 2 
 2 1
 10.996cm 2
For a sphere: Vs  4 r 3  Vc  Vs
3
2.346  4 r 3
3
 r  0.825cm
 d  1.651cm

Therefore, sphericity is: 6V p 6 2.356 


    0.779
Dp S p 1.65110.996

Confirm the calculation using the an alternative expression for


sphericity.
1.8. Methods of Particle Size Measurement
– Static method
– Dynamic method

• Statistical methods:
– These are static and observational in character:
• Light microscopy
• Electron microscopy
• Laser diffraction
• X-ray
• etc.

• Dynamic methods:
– These include:
• Sieving
• Streaming
• Sedimentation
• Elutriation
• Sieving
– If we use a sieve to measure the particle size we come up with
an equivalent sphere diameter, which is the diameter of a
sphere passing through the same sieve aperture.

• Sedimentation
– If we use a sedimentation technique to measure particle size
then, the equivalent sphere diameter is expressed as the
diameter of a sphere having the same sedimentation velocity
under the same conditions.
Calculation of mean particle size

Example
For a regular cylinder of diameter 0.5 m and a length of 2.0 mm,
calculate the following:
a. The equivalent volume sphere diameter.
b. The equivalent surface sphere diameter.
c. Surface – volume ratio

Solution

Area of a cylinder = 2r 2  2rh


 2 (0.25) 2  2 (0.25)2.0 x10 3
= 0.396 m2
Volume of a cylinder = r h
2

  (0.25) 2 2.0 x10 3


= 3.93 x 10 -4 m3

a. For a sphere: Vs  4 r 3 Vc  Vs
3
3.93 x 10  4  4 r 3
3
 r  0.0454m
 dv  0.091m

b. For a sphere: As  4r 2 Ac  As


0.396  4r 2
 r  0.1775
 d s  0.335m
6d s2 6 0.091
2
c. dsv  3   1. 11 m2 3
dv  0.355 3 m
Homework

1. For a regular cylinder of diameter 3.0 m and a length of 1.0 mm,


calculate the following:
a. Sphere passing through the same sieve aperture, xp
b. The equivalent volume spheres diameter, dv.
c. The equivalent surface sphere diameter, ds.
d. Surface – volume ratio, dsv.

2. For a cuboid of sides length 1,3,5 mm, calculate the following:


e. Sphere passing through the same sieve aperture, xp
f. The equivalent volume spheres diameter, dv.
g. The equivalent surface sphere diameter, ds.
h. Surface – volume ratio, dsv.
i. Projected area diameter(s)…..hint: As=Ac

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