Chapter 4

Inelastic Material Behavior

 Introduction

Load – stress and load – deflection

relation requires stress – strain
relations
Strain Tensor → Stress Tensor
(Material Behavior)
 First Law of thermodynamics
Law : The net external work and heat into the system is equal
to increase in potential and kinetic energies
W   H  U   K
Variation of work δW of the external forces that act on the volume
V with surface S is equal to δWs and δWB
 W   WS   WB 
   

V  x xx
  u   xy  v   xz  w  
y
  yx u   yy  v   yz  w  
z
  zx u   zy  v   zz w   B x u  B y v  B z w  dV

 First Law of thermodynamics
which simplifies to
 W     xx xx   yy yy   zz zz  2 xy xy  2 yz yz  2 zx zx  dV
V
  ❑
Internal Energy per unit
𝑈 =∫ 𝑈 𝑜 𝑑𝑉
volume
𝑉
  ❑
𝛿 𝑈 =∫ 𝛿 𝑈 𝑜 𝑑𝑉 Variation of internal
energy
𝑉
 First Law of thermodynamics
Relation between strain components and strain energy Uo
 U 0   xx xx   yy yy   zz zz  2 xy xy  2 xz xz  2 yz yz

Strain energy density function Uo depends on strain components,

the coordinates and the temperature
U 0  U 0   xx ,  yy ,  zz ,  xy ,  xz ,  yz , x, y, z, T 

Variations in strain components and the function Uo are related by

U 0 U 0 U 0 U 0 U 0 U 0
.
U0   xx   yy   zz   xy   xz   yz
 xx  yy  zz  xy  xz  yz
 Hooke’s law: Isotropic Elasticity
Isotropy : Directional independence
Homogeneity : Spatial independence

A material can be anisotropic and homogeneous or inhomogeneous and

anisotropic

Isotropic material - Two independent constants are required to describe

the material
1
 xx  ( xx   yy   zz )
Strain-stress relations are given E
as :- 1
 yy  ( yy   xx   zz )
E
1
 zz  ( zz   xx   yy )
E
1 1 
 xy   xy   xy
2G E
1 1 
 yz   yz   yz
2G E
Hooke’s law: Isotropic Elasticity contd.

Alternatively the stress- strain relation can also be

written as :
E
 xx  [(1   ) xx   ( yy   zz )]
(1   )(1  2 )
E
 yy  [(1   ) yy   ( xx   zz )]
(1   )(1  2 )
E
 zz  [(1   ) zz  ( xx   yy )]
(1   )(1  2 )
E E E
 xy   xy ,  xz   xz ,  yz   yz
1  1  1 
 Hooke’s law: Isotropic Elasticity contd.
In the case of plane stress,
 zz   xz   yz  0
E
 xx  ( xx  yy ) In the case of plane strain,
1  2
 zz   xz   yz  0
E
 yy  ( xx   yy )  xx 
E
[(1  ) xx   yy ]
1  2
(1   )(1  2 )
E  yy 
E
[ xx  (1  ) yy ]
 xy   xy (1  )(1  2 )
1 
E
 zz  ( xx   yy )
(1   )(1  2 )
E
 xy   xy ,  xz   yz  0
(1   )
Hooke’s law: Isotropic Elasticity contd.

•Strain
  Energy Density
 Objectives
Nonlinear material behavior
Yield criteria
Yielding in ductile materials
Sections
4.1 Limitations of Uniaxial Stress- Strain data
4.2 Nonlinear Material Response
4.3 Yield Criteria : General Concepts
4.4 Yielding of Ductile Materials
4.6 General Yielding
 Introduction
When a material is elastic, it returns to the same state (at
macroscopic, microscopic and atomistic levels) upon removal
of all external load
Any material is not elastic can be assumed to be inelastic
E.g.. Viscoelastic, Viscoplastic, and plastic
 To use the measured quantities like yield strength etc. we
need some criteria
The criteria are mathematical concepts motivated by strong
experimental observations
E.g. Ductile materials fail by shear stress on planes of
maximum shear stress
Brittle materials by direct tensile loading without much
yielding
 Other factors affecting material behavior
- Temperature
- Rate of loading
- Loading/ Unloading cycles
Types of Loading
Nonlinear Material Response
 Models for Uniaxial stress-strain
All constitutive equations are models that are supposed to
represent the physical behavior as described by experimental
stress-strain response

Experimental Stress strain curves Idealized stress strain curves

Elastic- perfectly plastic
response
 Models for Uniaxial stress-strain contd.

. Linear elastic response Elastic strain hardening response

 Models for Uniaxial stress-strain contd.
Rigid models

Rigid- perfectly plastic

response
.
Rigid- strain hardening plastic
response
Ideal Stress Strain Curves
 The Yield Criteria : General concepts
General Theory of Plasticity defines
Yield criteria : predicts material yield under multi-axial state of
stress
Flow rule : relation between plastic strain increment and stress
increment
Hardening rule: Evolution of yield surface with strain
Yield Criterion is a mathematical postulate and is defined by a
 
yield function f  f (  ij Y )
,
where Y is the yield strength in uniaxial load, and is correlated
with the history of stress state.
Some Yield criteria developed over the years are:
Maximum Principal Stress Criterion:- used for brittle materials
Maximum Principal Strain Criterion:- sometimes used for brittle materials
Strain energy density criterion:- ellipse in the principal stress plane
Maximum shear stress criterion (a.k.a Tresca):- popularly used for ductile materials
Von Mises or Distortional energy criterion:- most popular for ductile materials
 Maximum Principal Stress Criterion
Originally proposed by Rankine

f  max   1 ,  2 ,  3   Y
Yield surface is:
 1  Y
 2  Y
 3  Y
 Maximum Principal Strain
This was originally proposed by St. Venant
f1   1   2   3  Y  0 or  1   2   3  Y
f 2   1   2   3  Y  0 or  2   1   3  Y

f 3   3   1   2  Y  0 or  3   1   2  Y
Hence the effective stress may be defined as
 e  max  i   j   k
i jk

The yield function may be defined as

f  e Y
 Strain Energy Density Criterion
This was originally proposed by Beltrami
Strain energy density is found as
1
U0   12   12   12  2   1 2   1 3   2 3    0
2E

Strain energy density at yield in uniaxial tension test

Y2
U 0Y 
2E
Yield surface is given by
 12   12   12  2   1 2   1 3   2 3   Y 2  0

f   e2  Y 2

.
 e   12   12   12  2  1 2   1 3   2 3 
 Maximum Shear stress (Tresca) Criterion
This was originally proposed by Tresca
Yield function is defined as
Y
f  e 
2
where the effective stress is
 e   max
Magnitude of the extreme values of the stresses
are 2 3
1 
2
 3  1
2 
2
1   2
3 
2
. Conditions in which yielding  2   3  Y
can occur in a  3   1  Y
multi-axial stress state
 1   2  Y
 Distortional Energy Density (von Mises)
Criterion
Originally proposed by von Mises & is the most popular for ductile materials
Total strain energy density = SED due to volumetric change +SED due to distortion

   2  3    2     2   3     3  1 
2 2 2 2

U0  1  1
18 12G

 1   2     2   3     3  1 
2 2 2

UD 
12G

The yield surface is given by

1
J2  Y 2
3

1 1
  1   2     2   3     3  1    Y 2
2 2 2
f 
6 3
 Distortional Energy Density (von Mises)
Criterion contd.
Alternate form of the yield function
f   e2  Y 2

where the effective stress is

1
 1   2     2   3     3   1   
2 2 2
e  3 J2
2 

1
     
2
 
2 2
e              3  2
  2
  2

2  
xx yy yy zz zz xx xy yz xz

J2 and the octahedral shear stress are related by

3 2
J 2    oct
2
Hence the von Mises yield criterion can be written as
2
f   oct  Y
3
 Problems
•4.7:
  The design loads of a member made of a
brittle material produce the following nonzero
stress components at the critical section in the
member The ultimate strength of the material is
460MPa. Determine the factor of safety used in
the design.
a. Apply the maximum principal stress criterion
b. Apply the maximum principal strain criterion
and use
 Problems
•4.10:
  A member made of steel () is subjected to state
of plane strain when the design loads are applied. At
the critical point in the member, three state of the
stress components are . The material has a yield
stress Based on the maximum shear-stress criterion
determine the factor of safety.
4.11: Solve problem 4.10 using octahedral shear-
stress criterion.
 General Yielding
The failure of a material is when the structure cannot support
the intended function
For some special cases, the loading will continue to increase
even beyond the initial load
At this point, part of the member will still be in elastic range.
When the entire member reaches the inelastic range, then the
general yielding occurs

bh 2
PY  Ybh, M Y  Y
6

PP  Ybh  PY
bh 2
MP  Y  1.5M Y
4
 Elastic Plastic Bending
Consider a beam made up of elastic-perfectly plastic material
subjected to bending. We want to find the maximum bending
moment the beam can sustain
 zz  1  k Y (a)
where,
Y
Y  (b)
E
h
yY  (c )
2k
 FZ    zz dA  0 (d )
yY h/2
 M x  M  2   ZZ ydA  2  Yy dA  0
0 yY

or
yY h/2
M  M EP  2   zz ydA  2Y  ydA (e )
0 yY
 Elastic Plastic Bending contd.
Ybh 2  3 1  3 1 
M EP      M Y   2 
(4.43)
6  2 2k 2   2 2k 

where, M Y  Ybh 2 / 6
as k becomes large
3
M EP  MY  M P
2
 Fully Plastic Bending
Definition: Bending required to
cause yielding either in tension
or compression over the entire
cross section
Equilibrium condition
 Fz    zz dA  0
Fully plastic moment is
t b
M P  Ybt  
 2 
 Comparison of failure yield criteria

For a tensile specimen

of ductile steel the
following six
quantities
attain their critical
values at the same load
P 1. Maximum principal stress (  P / A) reaches the yield strength Y
Y max Y

2. Maximum principal strain (   / E ) reaches the value   Y / E

max max Y

3. Strain energy Uo absorbed by the material per unit volume reache

the value U 0Y  Y 2 / 2E
4. The maximum shear stress (  P / 2 A) reaches the
max Y

tresca shear strength( Y  Y / 2)

5. The distortional energy density UD reaches U DY  Y 2 / 6G
6. The octahedral shear stress  oct  2Y / 3  0.471Y
Failure criteria for general yielding
Interpretation of failure criteria for general yielding
 Combined Bending and Loading

According to Maximum shear stress criteria, yielding starts when

2 2 2
  Y    
    2
 or    4   1
2 2 2 Y 

According to the octahedral shear-stress criterion, yielding starts when

2 2
2 2  6 2 2Y    
 or    3    1
3 3 Y  Y 
Interpretation of failure criteria for general yielding

Comparison of von Mises and Tresca criteria

 Suggested Problems

4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.12, 4.13,

4.14, 4.17, 4.25, 4.26, 4.28,
4.29, 4.33, 4.34, 4.35, 4.36,
4.37, 4.38, 4.40, 4.41