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Shear Force and Bending Moment

Shear force is the sum of vertical forces acting to the left or right of a beam section, while bending moment is the sum of moments of forces about the section. Bending causes compression on one face and tension on the other, resulting in beam deflection. The amount of bending stress depends on the beam's cross-section properties and curvature. Pure bending results in a circular arc shape with strain varying linearly through the beam's thickness.

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108 views17 pages

Shear Force and Bending Moment

Shear force is the sum of vertical forces acting to the left or right of a beam section, while bending moment is the sum of moments of forces about the section. Bending causes compression on one face and tension on the other, resulting in beam deflection. The amount of bending stress depends on the beam's cross-section properties and curvature. Pure bending results in a circular arc shape with strain varying linearly through the beam's thickness.

Uploaded by

Ali Hassen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shear Force and Bending Moment

 Shear Force: is the algebraic sum of the


vertical forces acting to the left or right of
a cut section along the span of the beam

 Bending Moment: is the algebraic sum of


the moment of the forces to the left or to
the right of the section taken about the
section
SFD & BMD Simply Supported Beams

P P = wL P P = wL

L L L L

V = +P/2 Vmax = +P/2

V = +P Vmax = +P V = -P/2 Vmax = -P/2

Mmax = -PL Mmax = -PL/2 Mmax = PL/4 Mmax = PL/8


= -wL2/2 = wL2/8
Longitudinal strain
Longitudinal stress
Location of neutral surface
Moment-curvature equation
Bending of Beams
 It is important to distinguish
between pure bending and
non-uniform bending.

 Pure bending is the


deformation of the beam under
a constant bending moment.
Therefore, pure bending
occurs only in regions of a
beam where the shear force is
zero, because V = dM/dx.

 Non-uniform bending is
deformation in the presence of
shear forces, and bending
moment changes along the axis
of the beam.
What the Bending Moment does to the Beam

 Causes compression on one face and tension on the


other

 Causes the beam to deflect

How much
compressive stress?

How much
How much deflection? tensile stress?
How to Calculate the Bending Stress

 It depends on the beam cross-section

 We need some particular properties of the section

how big & what shape?

is the section we are using as a beam


Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members


subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
 Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.

 From statics, a couple M consists of two equal


and opposite forces.
 The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
 The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
M z    y x dA  M

 These requirements may be applied to the sums


of the components and moments of the
statically indeterminate elementary internal
forces.
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in
pure bending:
member remains symmetric

 bends uniformly to form a circular arc

 cross-sectional plane passes through arc center


and remains planar

 length of top decreases and length of bottom


increases

 a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to


the upper and lower surfaces and for which the
length does not change

 stresses and strains are negative (compressive)


above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.


After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,

L      y 
L’   L   L     y      y
 y y
x      -y (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
m  or ρ 
L  m
y maximum strain
x   m in a cross section
c

ex < 0    shortening    compression (y>0, k <0)


ex > 0    elongation    tension (y<0, k >0)
Curvature
A small radius
of curvature, ,
implies large
curvature of the
beam, , and
vice versa. In
most cases of
q q+dq
q+d interest, the
curvature is
small, and we
can approxima-
te dsdx.
q

q+dq

dq
Stress Due to Bending
 For a linearly elastic material,
y y
 x  E x   E   E m
 c
y
   m (stress varies linearly)
c
maximum stress
in a cross section

 For static equilibrium,


  y dA  0
A
y
Fx  0    x dA   ( E ) dA   ( Ey ) dA
A A
 A

E First moment with respect to


 A
0 y dA 
neutral plane (z-axis) is zero.
Therefore, the neutral surface
must pass through the section
centroid.
Moment-curvature relationship
 The moment of the resultant of the stresses dF about the N.A.:

 y 
M    y x dA    y   m dA
A A  c 
  I
M  m  y 2 dA  m
c c
Mc M
m  
I S
y My
Substituti ng  x    m   x  
c I

M    y x dA    y  Ey  dA
I   y dA
2
A A

A M  E  y 2 dA  EI
A
is the ‘second M
moment of area’  ,
EI
Deformation of a Beam Under
Transverse Loading
 Relationship between bending moment
and curvature for pure bending remains
valid for general transverse loadings.
1 M(x)
 
 EI
 Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated
load at the free end,

1 Px

 EI
1
 At the free end A,  0, ρA  
ρA

1 EI
 At the support B,  0,  B 
B PL
Elastic Curve

The deflection diagram


of the longitudinal axis
that passes through the
centroid of each cross-
sectional area of the
beam is called the
elastic curve, which is
characterized by the
tension: stretched deflection and slope
along the curve.

neutral “plane”
elastic curve
compression
Moment-curvature relationship: Sign convention

Maximum curvature occurs where the moment magnitude is a maximum.


Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
 Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface

1 m m 1 Mc
  
 c Ec Ec I
M

EI

 Although cross sectional planes remain planar


when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y y
 y   x   z   x 
 

 Expansion above the neutral surface and


contraction below it causes an in-plane curvature,

1 
  anticlastic curvature
 

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