Group Members : Hamza Ahmad

Rao Qamar
Fazeel Asghar
Usama Rafiq

Topic: Oracle
 What Is Database ?

• Database is organized collection

of information or data..
• Student Record List Of An
University
• Shop’s Sales Record
 File System

• Its An old way to store and manage data

• In File System Data Is Stored In Files
And Placed In Offices And Lockers…
• Old Way And Dificult Too To Store Data
• Less Secure Also
 What Is Oracle ?
A Brief History !!!
• Oracle It Self Is A Very Big Company
• The Oracle Corporation is an American 
global computer technology corporation.
• Founded In 1977
• Founded By Larry Ellison,Bob Miner,Ed
Oates.
 Oracle Products !!!

• Oracle Develops Numbers Of Applications and Software

• Oracle Database
• Middleware
• Oracle Secure Enterprise Search
• Oracle E-Business Suite
• Oracle Designer
• Netbeans
• And Many More…..
 Oracle Database !!!

• Oracle Database Is A Computer

Based Database Created To Store
Large Amount Of Data In A
Computer System…
• Oracle Database Software Usually
known As Oracle
 Count…

• Oracle Is Actually A DBMS To Store Our Data In a

Organized Way and Through Which We Handle our
Data
• Through Oracle We Create a Database
• Insert Our Items Or Data In It
• And whenever we need to update our data we can
update it
• We can delete our specific data
 Count…

• Many Kind Of DBMS Uses All Over The World But

Oracle Is the Highly Used Just Beacause Of Its
Features..
• Oracle is the world’s most popular DBMS - It is a
powerful and robust DBMS that runs on many
different operating systems
• Oracle DBMS engine available in several versions:
• The Personal Edition of Oracle is available with
this text and can also be downloaded from Oracle
Oracle Database Features !!!
 Scalability and Performance
Features
• Data concurrency of a multiuser system must be
maximized.
• Data must be read and modified in a consistent fashion.
The data a user is viewing or changing is not changed
(by other users) until the user is finished with the data.
• High performance is required for maximum
productivity from the many users of the database
system.
 High Availability Features

• Computing environments configured to provide nearly

full-time availability are known as high availability
systems. Such systems typically have redundant
hardware and software that makes the system available
despite failures. Well-designed high availability
systems avoid having single points-of-failure.
• When failures occur, the fail over process moves
processing performed by the failed component to the
backup component
 Security Features

• Oracle includes security features that control

how a database is accessed and used. For
example, security mechanisms:
• Prevent unauthorized database access
• Audit user actions
• Database security can be classified into two
categories: system security and data security.
 System security!!!
• System security includes the mechanisms that control the
access and use of the database at the system level. For example,
system security includes:
• Valid user name/password combinations
• The amount of disk space available to a user's schema objects
• The resource limits for a user
• System security mechanisms check whether a user is authorized
to connect to the database, whether database auditing is active,
and which system operations a user can perform.
 Data security!!!
• Data security includes the mechanisms that control the access and
use of the database at the schema object level. For example, data
security includes:
• Which users have access to a specific schema object and the specific
types of actions allowed for each user on the schema object (for
example, user SCOTT can issueSELECT and INSERT statements but
not DELETE statements using the employees table)
• The actions, if any, that are audited for each schema object
• Data encryption to prevent unauthorized users from bypassing Oracle
and accessing data
 Database Backup and Recovery
Features
• In every database system, the possibility of a system or hardware failure
always exists. If a failure occurs and affects the database, then the
database must be recovered. The goals after a failure are to ensure that the
effects of all committed transactions are reflected in the recovered
database and to return to normal operation as quickly as possible while
insulating users from problems caused by the failure.
Oracle provides various mechanisms for the following:
• Database recovery required by different types of failures
• Flexible recovery operations to suit any situation
• Availability of data during backup and recovery operations so users of the
system can continue to work
 Types Of Failure…!!!

• Oracle recovery techniques depend on the type of failure:

• An application failure due to application logic errors
• An instance failure occurs when Oracle itself fails due to an
operating system or computer hardware failure
• Oracle can recover from application and instance failure without
using the archived log file
• A media failure occurs when Oracle is unable to write to a
physical file because of a disk failure or corrupted files
• The database is restored from a backup
Know How About
SQL In The Oracle…
 SQL … ?

• SQL (pronounced "ess-que-el") stands

for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to
communicate with a database.
 SQL*Plus
• Oracle SQL*Plus or the Oracle Enterprise Manager Console may
be used to manage an Oracle database
• SQL*Plus is a text editor available in all Oracle
• Except inside quotation marks of strings, Oracle commands are case-
insensitive
• The semicolon (;) terminates a SQL statement
• The right-leaning slash (/) executes SQL statement stored in Oracle
buffer
• SQL*Plus can be used to:
• Enter SQL statements
• Submit SQL files created by text editors, e.g., notepad, to Oracle
 SQL*Plus Buffer
• SQL*Plus keeps the current statements in
a multi-line buffer without executing it
• LIST is used to see the contents of the buffer:
• LIST {line_number} is used to change the current line
• CHANGE/astring/bstring/ is used to change the contents of the
current line:
• astring = the string you want to change
• bstring = what you want to change it to
• Example: change/Table_Name/*/
• ‘Table_Name’ is replaced with ‘*’
Basic Statements…!!!
 Insert Query…!!!
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER
(CustomerID, Name, AreaCode, PhoneNumber)
VALUES(
CustID.NextVal, 'Mary Jones', '350', '555–
1234');
 Alter Query…!!!

• SQL ALTER statements may be used to drop (add)

a column:
ALTER TABLE MYTABLE DROP COLUMN MyColumn;
ALTER TABLE MYTABLE ADD C1 NUMBER(4);
 Select Query…!!!
SELECT *
FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE CustomerID = CustID.CurrVal;
 Drop Query…!!!

• SQL DROP statements may be used to remove

structures from the database
• DROP TABLE Command:
• Any data in the MYTABLE table will be lost
DROP TABLE MyTable;
Oracle Data Types
The End