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Topic 2 Work and Energy

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69 views33 pages

Topic 2 Work and Energy

Uploaded by

Yu Erin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Work, Energy, and Power

Forces in doing work, rate of doing work, and


in energy transformation
Wor
k of the force magnitude F
defined as the product
and the displacement magnitude d
displacement

Work is done Work is done

displacement
Work is done
No work is done
No work is done
lifting + Work is done by the man
+ Work is done by gravity
falling
Wor
k (Fnet) applied to an
Is done when the Force
object causes that object to be displaced (d) in
the same direction as the force applied.

Is a method of transferring energy


The ground is doing
+ work on us.

How can we
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EsjHgHyE0Xo/VU-Mz9UejGI/AAAAAAAALq4/MOdF14vdUv8/s1600/walk1.jpg
Work
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
How to solve work using
W= F.d
Exampl
e
Suppose a woman is pushing a grocery cart with a
500 Newton force along the 7 meter aisle, how much
work is done in pushing the cart from one of the aisle
to the other?

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inside-the-supermarket/&h=904&w=1024&tbnid=lU4J2cTaNdNsnM:&zoom=1&docid=i94W7CJRHFiiOM&ei=4IN1VbmxJ5H3oAT-v4OwCQ&tbm=isch&ved=0CC4QMygqMCo4ZA
Exampl
e
The librarian found a book of mass 1kg is on the floor.
If the book is lifted by the librarian from the floor to the
top shelf which is 2 meters from the floor, how much
work is done on the book?

http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/nwitimes.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editori
al/9/bb/9bbd9852-8a43-5056-8293-3e2c919deff5/506d0316cf7a7.preview-620.jpg
Work-energy principle
The net work done on an object is equal to the
change in the objects kinetic energy.

𝑊 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸𝑖 = ∆𝐾𝐸


Conservative and Nonconservative Forces

Conservative

Forces
Nonconservative

F is conservative if:

The work done by the force on object moving from one point to
another depends only on the initial -final positions and is
independent of the path taken.
•A force that’s not a conservative is called a nonconservative force.
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
• If friction is present, the work done
depends not only on the starting and
ending points, but also on the path
taken.

• Friction is called a nonconservative


force.

© 2014 Pearson
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
• Potential energy can only be defined for conservative
forces.
• We find that the work done by non-
conservative forces is equal to the total
change in kinetic and potential energies:

© 2014 Pearson
Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation
If there are no non-conservative forces, the sum of the changes
in the kinetic energy and in the potential energy is zero—the
kinetic and potential energy changes are equal but opposite in
sign.
This allows us to define the total mechanical energy:
E = KE + PE
And its conservation:

© 2014 Pearson
Kinetic Energy (KE)
Is the energy of a moving object

Quantifies the amount of work an object can do


because of its motion
Kinetic Energy (KE)

1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣
2
Potential Energy
Is energy gained in raising an object from the ground
or lost when made to fall

Also known as gravitational potential energy


Potential Energy
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Highest PE PE decreases as KE increases

http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/files/2011/12/kinetic_energy_c_la_784.jpeg
Elastic Potential Energy
depends on an elastic material’s elasticity and
how much the material is stretched or
compressed

http://images.wisegeek.com/spring.jpg
Elastic Potential Energy
1 2
𝐸𝑃𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥
2
Rest position EPE stored Work done to
release
energy
Work and Potential Energy

Work-Energy principle

Q: Similar relation between work and potential energy?


Gravitational Potential Energy
Problem Solving Using Conservation of
Mechanical Energy

In the image on the


left, the total
mechanical energy
is:
E = KE + PE = ½
mv2 + mgy
© 2014 Pearson
Problem Solving Using Conservation of
Mechanical Energy
If there is no friction, the speed of a roller coaster will
depend only on its height compared to its starting height.

© 2014 Pearson

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