Taylor Introms11 PPT 02

Linear Programming:
Model Formulation and

Graphical Solution
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-1

Chapter Topics
 Model Formulation
 A Maximization Model Example
 Graphical Solutions of Linear Programming Models
 A Minimization Model Example
 Irregular Types of Linear Programming Models
 Characteristics of Linear Programming Problems
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

Hall 2-2
Linear Programming: An Overview
 Objectives of business decisions frequently involve

maximizing profit or minimizing costs.
 Linear programming uses linear algebraic relationships
to represent a firm’s decisions, given a business
objective, and resource constraints.
 Steps in application:
1. Identify problem as solvable by linear
programming.
2. Formulate a mathematical model of the
unstructured problem.
3. Solve the model.
Copyright ©4.
Hall
Implementation
2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice
2-3
Model Components
 Decision variables - mathematical symbols representing

levels of activity of a firm.
 Objective function - a linear mathematical relationship
describing an objective of the firm, in terms of decision
variables - this function is to be maximized or minimized.
 Constraints – requirements or restrictions placed on the firm
by the operating environment, stated in linear relationships of
the decision variables.
 Parameters - numerical coefficients and constants used in the
objective function and constraints.

Hall 2-4
Summary of Model Formulation Steps
Step 1 : Clearly define the decision variables
Step 2 : Construct the objective function
Step 3 : Formulate the constraints

LP Model Formulation
A Maximization Example (1 of 3)
Resource Requirements
Labor Clay Profit

Product
(Hr./Unit) (Lb./Unit) ($/Unit)
Bowl 1 4 40
Mug 2 3 50
 Product mix problem - Beaver Creek Pottery Company

 How many bowls and mugs should be produced to maximize
profits given labor and materials constraints?
 Product resource requirements and unit profit:
Hall 2-6
Resource 40 hrs of labor per day

Availability: 120 lbs of clay
Decision x1 = number of bowls to produce per day
Variables: x2 = number of mugs to produce per day
Objective Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2
Function: Where Z = profit per day
Resource 1x1 + 2x2  40 hours of labor
Constraints: 4x1 + 3x2  120 pounds of clay
Non-Negativity x1  0; x2  0
Constraints:
Hall 2-7
Complete Linear Programming Model:
Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2
subject to: 1x1 + 2x2  40

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0

Hall 2-8
Feasible Solutions
A feasible solution does not violate any of the constraints:
Example: x1 = 5 bowls
x2 = 10 mugs
Z = $40x1 + $50x2 = $700
Labor constraint check: 1(5) + 2(10) = 25 ≤ 40 hours

Clay constraint check: 4(5) + 3(10) = 70 ≤ 120 pounds

Hall 2-9
Infeasible Solutions
An infeasible solution violates at least one of the

constraints:
Example: x1 = 10 bowls
x2 = 20 mugs
Z = $40x1 + $50x2 = $1400
Labor constraint check: 1(10) + 2(20) = 50 > 40 hours

Hall 2-10
Graphical Solution of LP Models
 Graphical solution is limited to linear programming

models containing only two decision variables (can
be used with three variables but only with great
difficulty).
 Graphical methods provide visualization of how a

solution for a linear programming problem is
obtained.

Hall 2-11
Coordinate Axes
Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (1 of
12)
X2 is mugs

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
X1 is bowls
Figure 2.2 Coordinates for graphical analysis
Labor Constraint
12)

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.3 Graph of labor constraint

Labor Constraint Area
12)

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.4 Labor constraint area

Clay Constraint Area
12)

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.5 The constraint area for clay

Both Constraints
12)

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.6 Graph of both model constraints

Feasible Solution Area
12)

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.7 The feasible solution area

Objective Function Solution = $800
12)

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.8 Objective function line for Z = $800

Alternative Objective Function Solution Lines
Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (8 of 12)

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.9 Alternative

objective function lines
for profits Z of $800,
$1,200, and $1,600

Optimal Solution
12)

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.10 Identification of optimal solution

pointInc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, 2-20
Optimal Solution Coordinates

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.11 Optimal solution coordinates

Extreme (Corner) Point Solutions

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.12 Solutions at all corner points

Optimal Solution for New Objective Function

4x2 + 3x2  120
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.13 Optimal solution with Z = 70x1 + 20x2

Slack Variables
 Standard form requires that all constraints be in the form

of equations (equalities).
 A slack variable is added to a  constraint (weak
inequality) to convert it to an equation (=).
 A slack variable typically represents an unused
resource.
 A slack variable contributes nothing to the objective
function value.

Hall 2-24
Linear Programming Model: Standard Form
Max Z = 40x1 + 50x2 + s1 + s2

subject to:1x1 + 2x2 + s1 = 40
4x2 + 3x2 + s2 = 120
x1, x2, s1, s2  0
Where:
x1 = number of bowls
x2 = number of mugs
s1, s2 are slack variables
Figure 2.14 Solutions at points A, B, and C with

LP Model Formulation – Minimization (1 of 7)
 Two brands of fertilizer available -

Super-gro, Crop-quick.
 Field requires at least 16 pounds of
nitrogen and 24 pounds of
phosphate.
 Super-gro costs $6 per bag, Crop-
quick $3 per bag.
 Problem: How much of each brand
Chemical Contribution
to purchase to minimize total cost of
fertilizer given following data ? Nitrogen Phosphate
Brand
(lb/ bag) (lb/ bag)
Super-gro 2 4
Crop-quick 4 3
Hall 2-26
LP Model Formulation – Minimization (2 of 7)
Decision Variables: x1 =
bags of Super-gro
x2 = bags of Crop-quick
The Objective Function:

Minimize Z = $6x1 + 3x2
Where: $6x1 = cost of bags of Super-Gro
$3x2 = cost of bags of Crop-Quick
Model Constraints:
2x1 + 4x2  16 lb (nitrogen constraint)
4x1 + 3x2  24 lb (phosphate constraint)
x1, x2  0 (non-negativity constraint)
Constraint Graph – Minimization (3 of 7)
Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2

subject to: 2x1 + 4x2  16
4x2 + 3x2  24
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.16 Constraint lines for fertilizer model

Feasible Region– Minimization (4 of 7)

4x2 + 3x2  24
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.17 Feasible solution area

Optimal Solution Point – Minimization (5 of 7)

4x2 + 3x2  24
x1 , x 2  0
The optimal solution of

a minimization problem
is at the extreme point
closest to the origin.
Figure 2.18 The optimal solution point

Surplus Variables – Minimization (6 of 7)
 A surplus variable is subtracted from a  constraint to

convert it to an equation (=).
 A surplus variable represents an excess above a
constraint requirement level.
 A surplus variable contributes nothing to the calculated
value of the objective function.
 Subtracting surplus variables in the farmer problem
constraints:
2x1 + 4x2 - s1 = 16 (nitrogen)
4x1 + 3x2 - s2 = 24 (phosphate)
Hall 2-31
Graphical Solutions – Minimization (7 of 7)
Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2 + 0s1 + 0s2

subject to: 2x1 + 4x2 – s1 = 16
4x2 + 3x2 – s2 = 24
x1, x2, s1, s2  0
Figure 2.19 Graph of the fertilizer example

Irregular Types of Linear Programming Problems
For some linear programming models, the general

rules do not apply.
Special types of problems include those with:

 Multiple optimal solutions
 Infeasible solutions
 Unbounded solutions

Hall 2-33
Multiple Optimal Solutions Beaver Creek
Pottery
The objective function is

parallel to a constraint line.
Maximize Z=$40x1 + 30x2
4x2 + 3x2  120
x1 , x 2  0
Where:
x1 = number of bowls
x2 = number of mugs
Figure 2.20 Example with multiple optimal solutions

An Infeasible Problem
Every possible solution

violates at least one constraint:
Maximize Z = 5x1 + 3x2
x1  4
x2  6
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.21 Graph of an infeasible problem

An Unbounded Problem
Value of the objective

function increases indefinitely:
subject to: x1  4
x2  2
x1, x2  0
Figure 2.22 Graph of an unbounded problem

Characteristics of Linear Programming Problems
 A decision amongst alternative courses of action is required.

 The decision is represented in the model by decision
variables.
 The problem encompasses a goal, expressed as an objective
function, that the decision maker wants to achieve.
 Restrictions (represented by constraints) exist that limit the
extent of achievement of the objective.
 The objective and constraints must be definable by linear
mathematical functional relationships.

Hall 2-37
Properties of Linear Programming Models
 Proportionality - The rate of change (slope) of the objective

function and constraint equations is constant.
 Additivity - Terms in the objective function and constraint
equations must be additive.
 Divisibility - Decision variables can take on any fractional
value and are therefore continuous as opposed to integer in
nature.
 Certainty - Values of all the model parameters are assumed to
be known with certainty (non-probabilistic).

Hall 2-38
Problem Statement
Example Problem No. 1 (1 of 3)
■ Hot dog mixture in 1000-pound batches.

■ Two ingredients, chicken ($3/lb) and beef ($5/lb).
■ Recipe requirements:
at least 500 pounds of “chicken”
at least 200 pounds of “beef”
■ Ratio of chicken to beef must be at least 2 to 1.
■ Determine optimal mixture of ingredients that will
minimize costs.

Solution
Step 1:
Identify decision variables.
x1 = lb of chicken in mixture
x2 = lb of beef in mixture
Step 2:
Formulate the objective function.
where Z = cost per 1,000-lb batch
$3x1 = cost of chicken
$5x2 = cost of beef
Solution
Step 3:
Establish Model Constraints
x1 + x2 = 1,000 lb
x1  500 lb of chicken
x2  200 lb of beef
x1/x2  2/1 or x1 - 2x2  0
x1, x2  0
The Model: Minimize Z = $3x1 + 5x2
subject to: x1 + x2 = 1,000 lb
x1  50
x2  200
x1 - 2x2  0
Solve the following model

graphically:
subject to: x1 + 2x2  10
6x1 + 6x2  36
x1  4
x1, x2  0
Step 1: Plot the constraints

as equations
Figure 2.23 Constraint equations


6x1 + 6x2  36
x1  4
x1, x2  0
Step 2: Determine the feasible
solution space
Figure 2.24 Feasible solution space and extreme

points

6x1 + 6x2  36
x1  4
x1 , x 2  0
Step 3 and 4: Determine the
solution points and optimal
solution
Figure 2.25 Optimal solution point

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Linear Programming:

Model Formulation and

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-1

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

 Objectives of business decisions frequently involve

 Decision variables - mathematical symbols representing

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

Step 1 : Clearly define the decision variables

Step 2 : Construct the objective function

Step 3 : Formulate the constraints

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-5

Labor Clay Profit

 Product mix problem - Beaver Creek Pottery Company

Resource 40 hrs of labor per day

Complete Linear Programming Model:

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

subject to: 1x1 + 2x2  40

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

A feasible solution does not violate any of the constraints:

Labor constraint check: 1(5) + 2(10) = 25 ≤ 40 hours

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

An infeasible solution violates at least one of the

Labor constraint check: 1(10) + 2(20) = 50 > 40 hours

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

 Graphical solution is limited to linear programming

 Graphical methods provide visualization of how a

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.3 Graph of labor constraint

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.4 Labor constraint area

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.5 The constraint area for clay

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.6 Graph of both model constraints

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.7 The feasible solution area

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.8 Objective function line for Z = $800

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.9 Alternative

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-19

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.10 Identification of optimal solution

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.11 Optimal solution coordinates

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2

Figure 2.12 Solutions at all corner points

Maximize Z = $70x1 + $20x2

Figure 2.13 Optimal solution with Z = 70x1 + 20x2

 Standard form requires that all constraints be in the form

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

Max Z = 40x1 + 50x2 + s1 + s2

Figure 2.14 Solutions at points A, B, and C with

 Two brands of fertilizer available -

The Objective Function:

Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2

Figure 2.16 Constraint lines for fertilizer model