‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Hayatt University College

Course Name: Analysis of power system II

Dr. Mohammed Osman Hassan

Description:-
 Per unit system.
 Study of load flow (power flow).
 Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Rapson.
 fast decoupled Newton-Rapson techniques.
 Optimal power flow
 Stability studies

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Textbook:-
Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, PSA Publishing;
THIRD EDITION edition (June 16, 2010)

References:-
1. J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas
Overbye, Power System Analysis and Design,
Cengage Learning; 5th edition (January 3, 2011).
2. William D. Stevenson, "Elements of Power System
Analysis", 4th ed, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
3. T.K Nagsarkar, M.S Sukhija,”Power System
Analysis”,Oxford Uni. Press, 2007.
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 REPRESENTATION OF POWER SYSTEMS
 a power system can be represented by one of the three phases and the neutral
 The components such as generators, transformers, and loads can be indicated by
standard symbols.
 transmission line is represented by a single line between its two ends.
 The diagram is simplified further by omitting the neutral wire. Such a simplified
diagram of an electric system is called a single-line or one-line diagram.
 Detailed significant information about the system parameters is indicated in the
single-line diagram.
 information includes ratings of synchronous generators.
 generation voltage.
 machine reactances.
 information about the type of connection of three-phase transformers on the
primary and secondary side
 Ratings
 voltage ratios.
 details of circuit breakers and their types such as oil, air-blast, and SF 6
breaker
 details of transmission lines (sizes of conductors, configurations of the
three phases above ground, and lengths).
 active and reactive power load demands at load buses.
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Note: The information to be provided on the single-line diagram depends on the
type of analysis to be undertaken on the system.
 load flow analysis
 power generation.
 load demands, line.
 transformer data is essential.
 transient stability study
 machine parameters.
 location of circuit breakers and relays.
 the speed with which relays and circuit breakers operate to isolate the
faulted part of the system.
 Sometimes one-line diagrams include information on the current and potential
transformers which are installed for connection to the relays and for metering
purposes.
 For computations, one-line diagram of the system is first drawn, then single-
phase or per-phase equivalent circuits for the various electrical are used to form
the per-phase impedance diagram of the system.
 The per-phase impedance diagram is sometimes called the per-phase positive-
sequence diagram, since it shows impedances to balanced currents in one phase
of a symmetrical three-phase system.
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 Per Unit Quantities
 Let the actual complex voltage V, complex current I, and complex
impedance Z,
V = ZI (1)
the equation for the base quantities
Vbase = Zbase Ibase (2)
Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2) gives

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Dividing Eq. (5) by Eq. (6) gives

Note: Eqs (2) and (6) involve four base quantities Vbase , Ibase ,
Zbase and Sbase, and specifying any two base quantities
determines the remaining two base quantities.
 if Sbase and Vbase are chosen as base quantities, then

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Note:
 In an electrical network, the same base volt-ampere (VA) is used
in all parts of the system.
 one base voltage is selected arbitrarily at any point in the
system.
 Base voltages at all other points must be related to the
arbitrarily selected base voltage by the turn ratios of the
 connecting transformers.
For single-phase systems, or balanced 3-phase systems (when
solved as a single line with a neutral return), the base
quantities in the impedance diagram are per phase volt-
ampere in MVA and line-to-neutral voltage in kV. The
following formulae relate the various quantities:

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 in three-phase systems, data is usually given as total three-phase
MVA and line-to-line kV, and it is preferred to work with this data.
rewriting Eqs (18) and (20) using the subscript LN for line-to-neutral
and 1Φ for single-phase systems, then

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Substituting Eqs (25) and (26) in Eqs (23) and (24) yields

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Example(1):
A three-phase transmission line transmits 50 MW at 0.8 power
factor lagging at 132 kV If the impedance of the transmission line is (40
+j100) Ω, calculate the pu values of
(i) complex power, real power, and reactive or VAR power.
(ii) voltage.
(iii) Current.
(iv) impedance, resistance, and reactance.
For the transmission line. assume MVAbase = 100 and kVbase = 132.

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Conversion of pu Quantities from One Base to Another Base
 The per unit (pu) impedance of a generator or a transformer, as
supplied by the manufacturer, is generally based on the rating of
the generator or the transformer itself, while the selected base volt-
ampere and base voltage for a power system are different from the
ratings of the components. Therefore, it is imperative to change the
pu values computed on rated base quantities to the common
system base quantities.

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From Eqs (29) and (30), the relationship between the old and new per
unit values is

If the voltage bases are same, Eq. (31) reduces to

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 The advantages of the per unit system for analysis
 Gives a clear idea of relative magnitudes of various quantities
 The per-unit impedance of equipment of the same general type
based upon their own ratings fall in a narrow range
regardless of the rating of equipment.
 Whereas their impedances in ohms vary greatly with the
ratings.
 The per-unit impedance, voltages, and currents of
transformers are the same regardless of whether they are
referred to the primary or the secondary side.
 Different voltage levels disappear across the entire system.
 The system reduces to a system of simple impedances
 The circuit laws are valid in per-unit systems, and the power
and voltages equations are simplified since the factors of √3
and 3 are eliminated in the per-unit system

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  Steps to Compute pu Values
 Step 1 Select a common volt-ampere base for the entire power system and a
voltage base for one part of the system. Usually, a voltage base is selected for
a transmission line in the power system.
 Step 2 Compute voltage bases for all parts of the power system by correlating
the transformation ratios of the transformer banks.
 Step 3 Convert pu values (which are provided on the name plate rating of the
equipment) to the common system volt-ampere base and the applicable
voltage base. In case the parameters are provided in actual ohmic values,
compute base impedance for the part of the power system in which the
equipment is connected and calculate the pu values.
 Step 4 Draw a single-line diagram of the power system indicating values of
all parameters in pu. Proceed to analyse the power system.
 Step 5 Convert to actual values where required.
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