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    Warm-Up: in Your Notes, Define Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equations

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    Barry Bartholomew
    Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms as reactants are converted into products. There are five basic types of chemical reactions: synthesis reactions where two reactants combine to form one product, decomposition reactions where one reactant breaks down into multiple products, single replacement reactions where one element replaces another in a compound, double replacement reactions where ion exchange occurs between two compounds, and combustion reactions involving carbon-based fuels reacting with oxygen. Chemical equations represent reactions using formulas and coefficients to show what reactants are consumed and products are formed while obeying the law of conservation of mass.

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    Warm-Up: in Your Notes, Define Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equations

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    Barry Bartholomew
    38 views44 pages
    Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms as reactants are converted into products. There are five basic types of chemical reactions: synthesis reactions where two reactants combine to form one product, decomposition reactions where one reactant breaks down into multiple products, single replacement reactions where one element replaces another in a compound, double replacement reactions where ion exchange occurs between two compounds, and combustion reactions involving carbon-based fuels reacting with oxygen. Chemical equations represent reactions using formulas and coefficients to show what reactants are consumed and products are formed while obeying the law of conservation of mass.

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    Notes Unit Seven_0

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    Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms as reactants are converted into products. There are five basic types of chemical reactions: synthesis reactions where two reactants combine to form one product, decomposition reactions where one reactant breaks down into multiple products, single replacement reactions where one element replaces another in a compound, double replacement reactions where ion exchange occurs between two compounds, and combustion reactions involving carbon-based fuels reacting with oxygen. Chemical equations represent reactions using formulas and coefficients to show what reactants are consumed and products are formed while obeying the law of conservation of mass.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    38 views44 pages

    Warm-Up: in Your Notes, Define Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equations

    Uploaded by

    Barry Bartholomew
    Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms as reactants are converted into products. There are five basic types of chemical reactions: synthesis reactions where two reactants combine to form one product, decomposition reactions where one reactant breaks down into multiple products, single replacement reactions where one element replaces another in a compound, double replacement reactions where ion exchange occurs between two compounds, and combustion reactions involving carbon-based fuels reacting with oxygen. Chemical equations represent reactions using formulas and coefficients to show what reactants are consumed and products are formed while obeying the law of conservation of mass.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 44

    Warm-up

    In your notes, define chemical reaction


    and chemical equations.

    Objectives

    TSWBAT: define chemical reactions and


    distinguish between types of chemical
    reactions.
    Unit 7 – Chemical Reactions

    Chemical equations, Energy of


    Reactions, Rates of reactions,
    Limiting reactants
    Intro Vocabulary
    Chemical reaction is the changing of substances
    to other substances by the breaking of bonds in
    reactants and the formation of bonds in the
    products
    -when some chemicals come into contact, they
    break apart, join, or rearrange to form new
    chemicals (always to become more stable)
    Chemical equations are shorthand
    representations of chemical reactions.
    Some more vocabulary
    Reactants are the elements or compounds
    that enter into a reaction
    Products are the elements or compounds
    that are formed as a result of a chemical
    reaction
    Arrow () means yields, produces or
    forms
    Reactant(s)  product(s)
    Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)2  Al(OH)3 + CaSO4

    Skeleton equation - Consists of symbols and


    subscripts (An unbalanced formula equation.)
     Symbols: element, yield (), combining (+)

     Subscript: small number found below the


    element symbol representing the number of
    atoms of each element present
    Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)2  Al(OH)3 + CaSO4

    Name the reactants (everything left of arrow)


     Aluminum sulfate & Calcium hydroxide

    Types & number of atoms in each reactant


     Aluminum sulfate

    Al = 2 S=3 O = 12
     Calcium hydroxide

    Ca = 1 O=2 H=2
    Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)2  Al(OH)3 + CaSO4

    Name the products (everything right of arrow)


     Aluminum hydroxide & Calcium sulfate

    Types & number of atoms in each reactant


     Aluminum hydroxide

    Al = 1 O=3 H=3
     Calcium sulfate

    Ca = 1 S=1 O=4
    Practice time
    Take out the whiteboard and marker
    that are inside your desk.
    Practice Naming & Counting
    Li2S
    -Lithium Sulfide Li = 2 S=1
    CoF2
    -Cobalt (II) fluoride Co = 1 F=2
    MgSO4
    -Magnesium sulfate Mg=1 O=1 S=4
    Be3(PO4)2
    -Beryllium phosphate Be=3 P=2 O=8
    CF4
    -Carbon tetrafluoride C=1 F=4
    PUT WHITEBOARDS AND MARKERS BACK IN THE DESK NOW.
    Chemical equations can be shown by

    1. Word equation
    Carbon dioxide gas reacts with
    dihydrogen monoxide gas to form
    solid carbonic acid
    2. Formula equation
    CO2(g) + H2O(g)  H2CO3(s)
    Let’s start with a formula equation
    H2 + O2  H2O
    How many hydrogens & oxygens in reactants?
    H=2 O=2
    How many hydrogens & oxygens in products?
    H=2 O=1
    What is wrong with this chemical equation?
    Two oxygen atoms in reactants and only one
    oxygen is in the product!!
    So we must…
    BALANCE the chemical equation!!
    Balancing equations why & how
    Why do we balance equations?
     Law of conservation of mass

    -atoms are not created or destroyed in an


    ordinary chemical reaction, just
    rearranged to form new substances
    What is used to balance chemical equations?
     Coefficients

    -the number before the chemical formula


    (the number is written normal size – not
    superscript or subscript)
    Think about this…
    • You want to make a bicycle out of the
    following parts: frame, wheel, handlebar,
    pedal, seat

    • Write the word equation for making a bicycle:


    frame + wheel + handlebar + pedal + seat  bicycle

    • Is the equation balanced?


    No
    frame + 2 wheels + handlebar + 2 pedals + seat  bicycle
    Counting molecules/compounds
    How many molecules of each of the following
    compounds are present in this equation?
    Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2  2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4
     Reactants:

    Al2(SO4)3 = 1 (when only 1 = no number)


    Ca(OH)2 = 3 (large 3 in front)
     Products:

    Al(OH)3 = 2 (large 2 in front)


    CaSO4 = 3 (large 3 in front)
    Steps to Balancing Equations
    1. Determine the number of each element in
    reactants and in products
    2. Balance
    A. Polyatomic ions (if same poly. ion
    on both sides  balance as a chunk)
    B. Metals
    C. Nonmetals
    D. “O” & “H”
    3. Recheck your count!!!
    2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
    coefficient
    subscript H
    O
    Only 21 hydrogen
    Recount oxygen atom
    “in”“out”
    total number (2 type
    (4each
    of “in”)of atom
    “out”)
     place 2 in front of H22O
    * Only add coefficients, NEVER Δ subscripts

    Can you ever make just 1 molecule of water?


    2 NaOH  Na2O + H2O
    Na
    O
    H

    Only 1
    Recount sodium atom
    total2number “in” (2 “out”)
     place in frontofofeach
    NaOH type of atom
    24 Fe + 3 O2  2 Fe2O3
    Fe
    O

    Recount total atom


    Only 21 iron
    oxygennumber
    atom“in”of each
    “in”
    (4
    (2 (3 type
    “out”) of atom
    “out”)
     change
    place 2 2ininfront
    frontofofFeFe
    2O3
    into a 4
    and place 3 in front of O2
    Using state symbols
    When writing chemical equations, the state of each
    product or reactant may be labeled with the following
    abbreviations
    (s) = solid
    (g) = gas
    (l) = liquid
    (aq) = aqueous (solid dissolved in a
    liquid, usually water)
    NOTE: If the states of matter are not included, you will
    NOT need to include them. If the states of matter are
    present, you MUST include them!
    7 Diatomic Molecules
    7 elements can not exist as single elements –
    must exist in pairs if it is JUST that element
    H O N Cl Br I F

    These 7 are always H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2

    Never just write H, O, N, Cl, Br, I, F without


    being bonded to another element.

    H20 is okay – WHY?


    Because O is bonded to another element
    Steps to using word equation to form
    formula equations:
    1)     Write formulas / symbols
    2)    Check for diatomic molecule
    3)    Add state symbols (if given)
    4) Balance (if can’t balance, then
    recheck formulas!!)
    Writing formula equation from
    word equations
    Na+1 Br-1
    Solid sodium bromide reacts with chlorine
    gas to yield solid sodium chloride and
    bromine gas. Na+1 Cl-1
    Write
    Check
    Addfor Recheck
    Balance
    formulas
    state
    diatomics
    symbols
    & element
    (HONClBrIF)
    symbols
    2 NaBr(s) + Cl 2 (g)  2 NaCl (s) + Br2 (g)
    Na
    Br
    Cl
    Another word equation
    Solid aluminum metal reacts with oxygen gas
    to form solid aluminum oxide.

    Al +3 O-2
    Check
    Write formulas
    Addfor diatomics
    state & element
    (HONClBrIF)
    symbols
    Balance
    Recheck symbols

    2 Al (s) + 3 O2 (g)  2 Al2O3 (s)


    4
    Al
    O
    Writing Word Equations
    Na2O(s) + CO2(g)  Na2CO3(s)
    Solid sodium oxide combines with (reacts
    with / and) carbon dioxide gas to form
    (yields/produces) solid sodium carbonate.
    NaCl(s) + AgNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)
    Solid sodium chloride and (combines with /
    reacts with) aqueous silver nitrate forms
    (yields / produces) aqueous sodium nitrate
    and solid silver chloride.
    5 Basic Types of Reactions
    Synthesis Reaction
     Two or more substances combine to form
    a single substance.
     Also known as a combination reaction.

     A + B  AB

     always forming 1 product

     Example: 2K + Cl2  2KCl


    5 Basic Types of Reactions
    Decomposition Reaction
     A single compound is broken down into
    two or more products.
     AB  A + B

     always having 1 reactant

     Example: CaCO3  CaO + CO2


    5 Basic Types of Reactions
    Single Replacement (Displacement) Reaction
     one element replaces another element in a
    compound (also called single displacement)
     AB + C  AC + B

     Always a compound + element as reactants

     Example:

    Mg + Zn(NO3)2  Mg(NO3)2 + Zn
    (Mg is Cation so replaces the
    cation in the compound)
    5 Basic Types of Reactions
    Double Replacement (Displacement) Reaction
     the positive ions are exchanged between two
    reacting compounds (also called double
    displacement)
     AB + CD  AD + CB

     Always a compound + compound as reactants

     Example: BaCl2 + K2CO3  BaCO3 + 2KCl

    (Ba & K are the cation that switch


    places forming the new compounds)
    Take out your packets
    Warm-up 4/11/11
    List the 5 types of chemical reactions
    that we have been learning about and
    describe how they work.

    Objectives
    Students will be able to identify types of
    reactions.
    Students will calulate formula mass.
    Take out packets and prepare to take a
    few notes.
    5 Basic Types of Reactions
    Synthesis: A + B AB
    Decomposition: AB A+B
    Single Replacement: A + BC  AC + B
    Double Replacement: AB + CD  AD +
    CB
    Combustion: CxHY + O2  CO2 + H2O
    Information from chemical
    formulas
    The types of atoms that are bonded
    the ratio of atoms in the compound or
    molecule
    the “formula mass” of the compound or
    molecule (sometimes called molar mass)
    Calculating Formula Mass
    Formula mass can be calculated in amu’s or
    g’s of a substance by multiplying the number
    of atoms of each element by the mass in
    amu’s or g’s of the element. Then add the
    values together. (YES, sig figs COUNT!!!)
    Example: CaSO4
    (# atoms each element x mass = total mass of element in compound)
     1 Ca x 40.08g = 40.08 g
     1S x 32.06g = 32.06g +
     4O x 15.999g = 63.996g
    +
    Then add masses of all elements together
    136.14 g
    The Mole
    In chemistry one mole is equal to 6.022 x 1023
    particles (Avogadro’s number).
    The gram formula mass of any compound is
    the mass of 1 mole of the compound in grams.
    1 mole = 6.0022 x 1023 is similar to
     12 eggs = 1 dozen

     52 weeks = 1 year

     1 gross = 144
    Percent Composition
    The percent composition of a compound is the
    mass of each element in a compound relative to the
    total mass of the compound
    Found by dividing the mass of the element by the
    mass of the compound and multiplying the answer
    by 100 percent
    Example CaSO4
     Ca=40.08 g (40.08g/136.14g) x 100%= 29.44%
     S =32.06g (32.06g/136.14g) x 100%= 23.55%
     O =63.996g (63.996g/136.14g)x100%=47.007%

    FM = 136.14g
    Limiting Reactants
    The limiting reactant is the reactant that determines
    the maximum amount of product that is formed.
    The limiting reactant will be completely used up in a
    reaction and then the reaction stops.
    The other reactant will have some unchanged so it is
    said to be the excess reactant.
    For example, if you need to make 10 chicken
    sandwiches. You have 10 slices of bread and 10
    pieces of chicken. If each sandwich requires 2 slices
    of bread and 1 piece of chicken, which is the limiting
    reactant? Excess reactant?
    Rates of Reactions
    The reaction rate is the change in
    concentration of reactants and products in a
    certain amount of time.
    Rate at which the reactants disappear and the
    products appear.
    Combining two substances (causing a
    reaction) means forcing their particles to hit,
    or collide with, one another
    Collision Theory states that molecules must
    collide in order to react
    Activation Energy
    The activation energy is the energy needed to
    start the reaction.
    When particles collide with sufficient energy – at
    least equal to the activation energy – existing bonds
    may be disrupted and new bonds can form
    Endothermic reaction – the energy of the product
    is greater than that of the reactants (energy is
    absorbed into the reaction)
    Exothermic reaction – the energy of the products
    is lower than that of the reactants (energy is
    released from the reaction)
    Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    1. Nature of Reactants
     Depends on the state of particular reactants
    and the complexity of the bonds that have to
    be broken and formed in order for the
    reaction to proceed
     The more bonds to be broken then the

    longer the reaction takes


     A reaction between two gases will be

    quicker than a reaction between two


    liquids or two solids.
    Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    2. Temperature
     The higher the temperature at which a
    reaction occurs, the faster the particles will
    move and the more frequent the collisions
     For example, food spoils faster at room
    temperature than when it is refrigerated.
    Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    3. Concentration
     Deals with how many particles are there

     An increase in concentration means that there are


    more particles within a given volume and thus
    smaller spaces between the reacting particles.
     Thus, the higher the concentration of reactants, the
    greater the frequency of collisions among their
    particles.
     For example, the more people there are in a room
    the more people you will bump into as you walk
    through the room.
    Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    4. Surface Area
     Surface area deals with the number of
    particles that are exposed for reaction.
     The larger the surface area the greater the
    number of particles that are exposed for
    reaction.
     For example, many small pieces of coal will
    burn faster than a lump of coal (small pieces
    have more particles exposed to react with
    more oxygen particles)
    Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    5. Catalysts
     A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of
    the reaction without itself being used up in the
    reaction (doesn’t appear as a reactant or a
    product)
     Catalysts lower the activation energy required for
    a reaction to occur.
     Thus a catalyst creates a different pathway from
    reactants to products – one that requires less
    energy.
     Catalysts in the body are enzymes – there to
    speed up reactions in the body that are essential
    to life.

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