Programming and Data Structures

Debasis Samanta
Computer Science & Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Spring-2017
 Lecture #11
Searching Techniques

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 2 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Today’s discussion…

* Searching Techniques

* Sequential search with arrays

• Binary search
• Interpolation search

* Sequential search with linked lists

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 3 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

 Searching Techniques

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 4 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

 S e a rc h in g

In te re n a l s e a rc h in g E x te rn a l s e a rc h in g

B tre e s e a rc h in g

B + tre e s e a rc h in g

S e a rc h w ith k e y -c o m p a ris o n S e a rc h w ith o u t k e y -c o m p a ris o n

A d re s s c a lc u la tio n s e a rc h

L in e a r s e a rc h N o n -lin e ra s e a rc h

S e q u e n tia l s e a rc h T re e se a rc h

B in a ry s e a rc h B in a ry s e a rc h tre e

In te rp o la tio n s e a rc h A V L tre e s e a rc h

R e d -b la c k tre e s e a rc h

S p la y tre e s e a rc h

D ig ita l s e a rc h

M u lti-w a y tre e s e a rc h

m -w a y tre e s e a rc h

B -tre e s e a rc h

G ra p h se a rc h

D e p th firs t s e a rc h

B re a d th firs t s e a rc h

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 5 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

 Linear Search

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 6 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

 Sequential Search with Arrays

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 7 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Flowchart: Sequential Search with Array
Start

i=0

Yes No
K = A[i]?

i = i+1

No
Print "Successful" i≥n
Yes

Print "Unsuccessful"

Stop

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 8 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Example: Sequential Search with Array
int
int main()
main()
{{
int
int A[10],
A[10], i,
i, n,
n, K,
K, flag
flag == 0;
0;
printf("Enter
printf("Enter the
the size
size of
of an
an array:
array: ");
");
scanf("%d",&n);
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter
printf("Enter thethe elements
elements ofof the
the array:
array: ");
");
for(i=0;
for(i=0; ii << n;
n; i++)
i++)
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
printf("Enter
printf("Enter thethe number
number toto be
be searched:
searched: ");
");
scanf("%d",&K);
scanf("%d",&K);
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
if(a[i]
if(a[i] ==== K){
K){
flag
flag == 1;
1; break;
break;
}}
}}
if(flag
if(flag ==
== 0)
0)
printf("The
printf("The number
number is
is not
not in
in the
the list");
list");
else
else
printf("The
printf("The number
number is
is found
found at
at index
index %d",i);
%d",i);
return
return 0;
0;
}}

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 9 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Complexity Analysis

• Case 1: The key matches with the first element

• T(n) = 1
• Case 2: Key does not exist
• T(n) = n
• Case 3: The key is present at any location in the array
n
T ( n)  p
i 1
i i

1
1 n
T (n)   i p1  p 2     pi     p n 
n i 1 n

n 1
T ( n) 
2
CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 10 Lecture #11: © DSamanta
Complexity Analysis : Summary

Number of key Asymptotic

Case Remark
comparisons complexity

Case 1 T(n) = 1 T(n) = O(1) Best case

Case 2 T(n) = n T(n) = O(n) Worst case

Case 3 n 1 T(n) = O(n) Average case

T ( n) 
2

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 11 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

 Binary Search

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 12 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

The Technique

m imd i d

l l u m= i md i=d -l (1l=+ um ) i/ d2 + 1 S e ra c h th is h a lf th e s a m e w a y
uu
S e ra c h th is h a lf th e s a m e w a y
if K < A [m id ] if K > A [ m id ]

( c ) S( ae( )ba r)Ac Shn e toah rr ecd he rnt eht dier eae rnl ri tasi tyr et ou l fri snet sl te iumnr tnno se ttihsn etwo s iett hha er ic nshedi ane rxgc hvo iafn l gur ei ogs fh l t,l- ehu fatal- fnh dao lnfml oyi dn l y

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 13 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Flowchart: Binary Search with Array
Start

mid = (l+u)/2

YES NO
K = A[mid]?

YES NO
K < A[mid]?

Search is successful
u = mid-1 l = mid+1

Stop
NO
(l>u)?

YES

Search is unsuccessful

Start
CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 14 Lecture #11: © DSamanta
Binary Search (with Iteration)
#include
#include <stdio.h>
<stdio.h>

int
int main()
main()
{{
int
int i,
i, l,
l, u,
u, mid,
mid, n,
n, K,
K, data[100];
data[100];

printf("Enter
printf("Enter number
number of
of elements\n");
elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter
printf("Enter %d
%d integers
integers in
in sorted
sorted order\n",
order\n", n);
n);

for
for (i
(i == 0;
0; ii << n;
n; i++)
i++)
scanf("%d",&array[i]);
scanf("%d",&array[i]);

printf("Enter
printf("Enter value
value to
to find\n");
find\n");
scanf("%d", &K);
scanf("%d", &K);

ll == 0;
0;
uu == nn -- 1;
1; Contd…
mid
mid == (l+u)/2;
(l+u)/2;

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 15 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Binary Search (with Iteration)

while
while (l
(l <=
<= u)
u) {{
if
if (data[mid]
(data[mid] << K)
K)
ll == mid
mid ++ 1;
1;
else
else if (data[mid] ==
if (data[mid] == K)
K) {{
printf("%d
printf("%d found
found at
at location
location %d.\n",
%d.\n", search,
search, mid+1);
mid+1);
break;
break;
}}
else
else
uu == mid
mid -- 1;
1;

mid
mid == (l
(l ++ u)/2;
u)/2;
}}
if
if (l
(l >> u)
u)
printf("Not
printf("Not found!
found! %d
%d is
is not
not present
present in
in the
the list.\n",
list.\n", K);
K);

return
return 0;
0;
}}

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 16 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Binary Search (with Recursion)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int
int main(){
main(){

int
int data[100],i,
data[100],i, n,
n, K,
K, flag,
flag, l,
l, u;
u;

printf("Enter
printf("Enter the
the size
size of
of an
an array:
array: ");
");
scanf("%d",&n);
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter
printf("Enter the
the elements
elements of
of the
the array
array in
in sorted
sorted order:
order: "" );
);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);

printf("Enter
printf("Enter the
the number
number to
to be
be search:
search: ");
");
scanf("%d",&K);
scanf("%d",&K);

l=0,u=n-1;
l=0,u=n-1;
flag
flag == binarySearch(data,n,K,l,u);
binarySearch(data,n,K,l,u);
if(flag==0)
if(flag==0)
printf("Number
printf("Number is
is not
not found.");
found.");
else
else
printf("Number
printf("Number is
is found.");
found.");
Contd…
return
return 0;
0;
}}
CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 17 Lecture #11: © DSamanta
Binary Search (with Recursion)

int
int binary(int
binary(int a[],int
a[],int n,int
n,int K,int
K,int l,int
l,int u){
u){

int
int mid;
mid;

if(l<=u){
if(l<=u){
mid=(l+u)/2;
mid=(l+u)/2;
if(K==a[mid]){
if(K==a[mid]){
return(1);
return(1);
}}
else
else if(m<a[mid]){
if(m<a[mid]){
return
return binarySearch(a,n,K,l,mid-1);
binarySearch(a,n,K,l,mid-1);
}}
else
else
return
return binarySearch(a,n,m,mid+1,u);
binarySearch(a,n,m,mid+1,u);
}}
else
else return(0);
return(0);
}}

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 18 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Complexity Analysis

5
< = >

2 8
< = > < = >

1 3 6 9
< = > < = > < = > < = >

F F F 4 F 7 F 10
< = > < = > < = >

F F F F F F

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 19 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Complexity Analysis: Binary Search
5
< = >

2 8
< = > < = >

1 3 6 9
< = > < = > < = > < = >

F F F 4 F 7 F 10
< = > < = > < = >

F F F F F F

Let n be the total number of elements in the list under search and there exist an integer k such that:-
• For successful search:-
• If 2 k 1  n  2 k, then the binary search algorithm requires at least one comparison and at most k comparisons.
• For unsuccessful search:-
• If , then the binary search algorithm requires k comparisons.
n  2 k 1
• If 2 k 1  n  2 k  1 , then the binary search algorithm requires either k-1 or k number of comparisons.

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 20 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Complexity Analysis: Binary Search

• Best case
T(n) = 1

• Worst case
T(n) =  log 2  n  1 

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 21 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Complexity Analysis: Binary Search

• Average Case
• Successful search:-
I
T ( n)  1
n
T ( n)   log 2 n    log 2 n   2  1
n n

• Unsuccessful search:-
E
T ' ( n) 
n 1

2
T ' (n)   log 2 n  
n 1

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 22 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

 Interpolation Search

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 23 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Interpolation Search
1. l = 1, u = n // Initialization: Range of searching
2. flag = FALSE // Hold the status of searching
3. While (flag = FALSE) do
 K  A[l ] 
4. loc  
A[u ]  A [l ]   u  l  l
 
5. If ( l  loc  u ) then // If loc is within the range of the list
6. Case: K < A[loc]
7. u = loc -1
8. Case: K = A[loc]
9. flag = TRUE
10. Case: K > A[loc]
11. l = loc +1
12. Else
13. Exit()
14. EndIf
15. EndWhile
16. If (flag) then
17. Print “Successful at” loc
18. Else
19. Print “Unsuccessful”
20. EndIf
21. Stop

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 24 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Complexity Analysis:
Interpolation Search

Best case Worst case Average case

Successful 1 n log 2  log 2 n 

Interpolation search
Unsuccessful n
n n

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 25 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Comparision: Successful Search

100

80 S e a rc h a rra y
Time (  s)

60
B in a r y s e a r c h
40
I n t e r p o la t io n s e a r c h
20

0 S e a r c h lis t
10 100 500 1000 5000 10000
In p u t S iz e

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 26 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Comparision: Unsuccessful Search

100

80 S e a rc h A rra y
Time (  s)

60
B in a r y S e a r c h
40
In t e r p o la t io n s e a r c h
20

0 S e a r c h lis t
10 100 500 1000 5000 10000
In p u t S iz e

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 27 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

 Sequential Search with Linked List

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 28 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Sequential Search with Linked List

D A TA L IN K

(a ) S tru c tu re o f a n o d e in th e lin k e d lis t

H eader
S e a rc h a t a n in te rm e d ia te n o d e :
S e a rc h b e g in s S e a rc h s to p s h e re if k e y m a tc h e s S e a rc h u n s u c c e s s fu lly e n d s h e re
h e re e ls e m o v e to its im m e d ia te n e x t n o d e

(b ) L in e a r s e a rc h o n a lin k e d lis t

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 29 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Flow Chart: Sequential Search with LL
Start

temp = header

while
Print Unsuccessful
temp != NULL
temp = temp->next
T
N temp->data == Y
key

Print Success
Return temp

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 30 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Example: Sequential Search with LL
#include
#include <stdio.h>
<stdio.h>
#include
#include <stdlib.h>
<stdlib.h>

struct
struct node
node
{{
int
int data;
data;
struct
struct node
node *next;
*next;
};
};

int
int main()
main()
{{
struct
struct node
node *header
*header == NULL;
NULL;
int
int K,
K, n;
n;

printf("Enter
printf("Enter the
the number
number of
of nodes:
nodes: ");
");
scanf("%d",
scanf("%d", &n);
&n);
printf("\nDisplaying
printf("\nDisplaying the
the list\n");
list\n");
generate(header, num);
generate(header, num);
printf("\nEnter
printf("\nEnter key
key to
to search:
search: ");
");
scanf("%d", &key);
scanf("%d", &key);
searchBinary(header,
searchBinary(header, K);
K);
delete(header);
delete(header);

return
return 0;
0;
}}

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 31 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Example: Linear Search with LL
void
void generate(struct
generate(struct node
node *head,
*head, int
int n)
n)
{{
int
int i;
i;
struct
struct node
node *temp;
*temp;

for
for (i
(i == 0;
0; ii << num;
num; i++)
i++)
{{
temp
temp == (struct
(struct node
node *)malloc(sizeof(struct
*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
node));
temp->data = rand()
temp->data = rand() % n; % n;
if
if (*header
(*header == == NULL)
NULL)
{{
*header
*header == temp;
temp;
temp->next
temp->next == NULL;
NULL;
}}
else
else
{{
temp->next
temp->next == header;
header;
header = temp;
header = temp;
}}
printf("%d
printf("%d ", ", temp->data);
temp->data);
}}
}}

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 32 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Example: Linear Search with LL
void
void searchBinary(struct
searchBinary(struct node
node *temp,
*temp, int
int K)
K)
{{
while
while (temp
(temp !=
!= NULL)
NULL)
{{
if
if (temp->data
(temp->data ==
== K)
K)
{{
printf("key
printf("key found\n");
found\n");
return;
return;
}}
else
else temp
temp == temp->next;
temp->next;
}}
printf("Key
printf("Key not
not found\n");
found\n");
}}

void
void delete(struct
delete(struct node
node *header)
*header)
{{
struct
struct node
node *temp;
*temp;
temp = header;
temp = header;
while
while (temp
(temp !=
!= NULL)
NULL)
{{
temp
temp == temp->next;
temp->next;
free(header);
free(header);
header
header == temp;
temp;
}}
}}

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 33 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Complexity Analysis

Number of key
Case Asymptotic complexity Remark
comparisons

Case 1 T(n) = 1 T(n) = O(1) Best case

n 1
Case 2 T ( n)  T(n) = O(n) Average case
2

Case 3 T(n) = n T(n) = O(n) Worst case

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 34 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

 Any question?

You may post your question(s) at the “Discussion

Forum” maintained in the course Web page.
CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 35 Lecture #11: © DSamanta
Problems to ponder…
1. What will be the time complexity of linear search with array if the array is already in sorted order?

2. What will be the outcome, if Binary search technique is applied to an array where the data are not
necessarily in sorted order?

3. Whether the Binary search technique is applicable to a linked list? If so, how?

4. In Binary Search, the mid location is calculated and then either left or right part of the mid location is
searched further, if there is no match at the middle is found. As an alternative to check at middle, the
location at one-third (or two-third) position of the array is chosen. Such a searching can be termed as
Ternary Search. Modify the Binary Search algorithm to Ternary Search algorithm. Which algorithm gives
result faster?

5. If T(n) denotes the number of comparisons required to search a key element in a list of n elements, then a)
express T(n) as recursion formula and b) solve T(n).

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 36 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

Problems to ponder…
6. Out of sequential search and binary search, which is faster? Why?

7. Whether binary search technique can be applied to search a string in a list od strings stored in an array? If
so, revise the Binary search algorithm accordingly.

8. A structure is defined as follows.

struct Record {
int RollNo;
char name[20];
struct Date { int dd; int mm; int yy; } dob;
}

suppose, 100 records of type Record are stored in an array say, struct Record students[100];
We have to find the student(s), whose date of birth is given in the form dd/mm/yy. How you can search the
array students?

CS 11001 : Programming and Data Structures 37 Lecture #11: © DSamanta

 If you try to solve problems yourself, then you will learn
many things automatically.

Spend few minutes and then enjoy the study.

CS 10001 : Programming and Data Structures 38 Lecture #07: © DSamanta