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    Semiconductor

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    Annaya Khan
    The document discusses semiconductors, including what they are, their band theory and properties. Specifically, it explains that semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators. Their band structure includes a valence band and conduction band separated by a band gap. Semiconductors can be intrinsic, made of pure elements like silicon, or extrinsic through doping to add impurities making them n-type or p-type. Finally, the document outlines some common applications of semiconductors in devices like sensors, 3D printers, computers and solar panels.

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    Semiconductor

    Uploaded by

    Annaya Khan
    55 views14 pages
    The document discusses semiconductors, including what they are, their band theory and properties. Specifically, it explains that semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators. Their band structure includes a valence band and conduction band separated by a band gap. Semiconductors can be intrinsic, made of pure elements like silicon, or extrinsic through doping to add impurities making them n-type or p-type. Finally, the document outlines some common applications of semiconductors in devices like sensors, 3D printers, computers and solar panels.

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    semiconductor

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    The document discusses semiconductors, including what they are, their band theory and properties. Specifically, it explains that semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators. Their band structure includes a valence band and conduction band separated by a band gap. Semiconductors can be intrinsic, made of pure elements like silicon, or extrinsic through doping to add impurities making them n-type or p-type. Finally, the document outlines some common applications of semiconductors in devices like sensors, 3D printers, computers and solar panels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    55 views14 pages

    Semiconductor

    Uploaded by

    Annaya Khan
    The document discusses semiconductors, including what they are, their band theory and properties. Specifically, it explains that semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators. Their band structure includes a valence band and conduction band separated by a band gap. Semiconductors can be intrinsic, made of pure elements like silicon, or extrinsic through doping to add impurities making them n-type or p-type. Finally, the document outlines some common applications of semiconductors in devices like sensors, 3D printers, computers and solar panels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    1

    Topic:

    SEMICONDUCTORS

    Presented by:

    SADAF SALEEM
    MS CHEMISTRY
    SNS,NUST
    3

    Contents
     What is semiconductor?
     Holes and Electrons
     Band Theory
     Properties of Semiconductors
     Types of Semiconductors
     Intrinsic Semiconductor
     Extrinsic Semiconductor
     Applications
    What is Semiconductor? 4

    A material whose properties are such that it is not quite a conductor, not quite an insulator is
    called as semiconductor.
    Some common semiconductors:
     elemental
     Si - Silicon (most common)
     Ge - Germanium
     compound
     GaAs - Gallium arsenide
     GaP - Gallium phosphide
     AlAs - Aluminum arsenide
     AlP - Aluminum phosphide
     InP - Indium Phosphide
    Holes and Electrons in Semiconductors 5

     Holes and electrons are the types of charge carriers accountable for the flow of
    current in semiconductors. Holes (valence electrons) are the positively charged
    electric charge carrier whereas electrons are the negatively charged particles. Both
    electrons and holes are equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity.
    Band Theory of Semiconductors 6
    7
    Conduction Band and Valence Band in Semiconductors

    Valence Band:
     The energy band involving the energy levels of valence electrons is known as the
    valence band. It is the highest occupied energy band. When compared with
    insulators, the band gap in semiconductors is smaller. It allows the electrons in the
    valence band to jump into the conduction band on receiving any external energy.
    Conduction Band:
     It is the lowest unoccupied band that includes the energy levels of positive (holes)
    or negative (free electrons) charge carriers. It has conducting electrons resulting in
    the flow of current. The conduction band possess high energy level and are
    generally empty. The conduction band in semiconductors accepts the electrons
    from the valence band.
    Properties of semiconductors: 8

     Semiconductor acts like an insulator at Zero Kelvin. On increasing the


    temperature, it works as a conductor.
     Due to their exceptional electrical properties, semiconductors can be modified by
    doping to make semiconductor devices suitable for energy conversion, switches,
    and amplifiers.
     Lesser power losses.
     Semiconductors are smaller in size and possess less weight.
     Their resistivity is higher than conductors but lesser than insulators.
     The resistance of semiconductor materials decreases with the increase in
    temperature and vice-versa.
    Types of Semiconductors: 9
    10
    Intrinsic Semiconductor:
     An intrinsic type of semiconductor material is made to be very pure chemically. It is made up of
    only a single type of element.
    Extrinsic Semiconductor 11

    The conductivity of semiconductors can be greatly improved by introducing a small


    number of suitable replacement atoms called IMPURITIES.

    Dopping:
    The process of adding impurity atoms to the pure semiconductor is called DOPING.
    Usually, only 1 atom in 107 is replaced by a dopant atom in the doped semiconductor.
    An extrinsic semiconductor can be further classified into:
     N-type Semiconductor
     P-type Semiconductor
    12
    Uses of Semiconductors in Everyday life 13

     Temperature sensors are made with semiconductor devices.


     They are used in 3D printing machines.
     Used in microchips and self-driving cars.
     Used in calculators, solar plates, computers and other electronic devices.
     Transistor and MOSFET used as a switch in Electrical Circuits are manufactured
    using the semiconductors.
    14

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