Joins, Subqueries, CTEs

and Indices
Table of Content
1. Joins
2. Subqueries
3. Common Table Expressions (CTE)
4. Indices

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 JOINS
Gathering Data From Multiple Tables
Data from Multiple Tables
 Sometimes you need data from several tables:
Employees Departments
EmployeeName DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
Edward 3 3 Sales
John NULL 4 Marketing
5 Purchasing

EmployeeName DepartmentID DepartmentName

Edward 3 Sales

4
Types of Joins
 Inner joins
 Left, right and full outer joins
 Cross joins

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INNER vs. OUTER Joins
 Inner join
 A join of two tables returning only rows matching the join
condition
 Left (or right) outer join
 Returns the results of the inner join as well as unmatched rows
from the left (or right) table
 Full outer join
 Returns the results of an inner join along with all unmatched rows

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Inner Join
Employees Departments
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales
270 NULL 4 Marketing
5 Purchasing

Result
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales

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Inner Join Syntax

SELECT * FROM Employees AS e

Depatments Table
INNER JOIN Departments AS d
ON e.DepartmentID = d.DepartmentID

Join Condition

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Left Outer Join
Employees Departments
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales
270 NULL X 4 Marketing
5 Purchasing

Result
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales
270 NULL NULL NULL

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Left Outer Join Syntax

SELECT * FROM Employees AS e Table Depatments

LEFT OUTER JOIN Departments AS d
ON e.DepartmentID = d.DepartmentID

Join Condition

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Right Outer Join
Employees Departments
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales
270 NULL X 4 Marketing
X 5 Purchasing

Result
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales
NULL NULL 4 Marketing
NULL NULL 5 Purchasing
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Right Outer Join Syntax

SELECT * FROM Employees AS e Depatments Table

RIGHT OUTER JOIN Departments AS d
ON e.DepartmentID = d.DepartmentID
Join Condition

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Full Join
Employees Departments
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales
270 NULL X 4 Marketing
X 5 Purchasing

Result
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales
270 NULL NULL NULL
NULL NULL 4 Marketing
NULL NULL 5 Purchasing
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Full Join Syntax

SELECT * FROM Employees AS e

Depatments Table
FULL JOIN Departments AS d
ON e.DepartmentID = d.DepartmentID
Join Condition

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Cross Join
Employees Departments
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales
270 NULL 4 Marketing
5 Purchasing
Result
EmployeeID DepartmentID DepartmentID DepartmentName
263 3 3 Sales
263 3 4 Marketing
263 3 5 Purchasing
270 NULL 3 Sales
270 NULL 4 Marketing
270 NULL 5 Purchasing
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Cross Join Syntax

SELECT * FROM Employees AS e Depatments Table

CROSS JOIN Departments AS d
No Join Conditions

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Join Overview

Sally 13 18 Accounting
John 10 10 Marketing
Michael 22 12 HR
Bob 11 22 Engineering
Robin 7 8 Sales
Jessica 15 7 Executive

Relation

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Join Overview

18 Accounting
Sally 13
John 10 10 Marketing
12 HR
Michael 22 22 Engineering
8 Sales
Bob 11
Robin 7 7 Executive
Jessica 15

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Join Overview
 Inner Join
18 Accounting
Sally 13
John 10 10 Marketing
12 HR
Michael 22 22 Engineering
8 Sales
Bob 11
Robin 7 7 Executive
Jessica 15

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Join Overview
 Left Outer Join
18 Accounting
Sally 13 NULL NULL
John 10 10 Marketing
12 HR
Michael 22 22 Engineering
8 Sales
Bob 11 NULL NULL
Robin 7 7 Executive
Jessica 15 NULL NULL

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Join Overview
 Right Outer Join
NULL NULL 18 Accounting
Sally 13
John 10 10 Marketing
NULL NULL 12 HR
Michael 22 22 Engineering
NULL NULL 8 Sales
Bob 11
Robin 7 7 Executive
Jessica 15

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Join Overview
 Full Outer Join
NULL NULL 18 Accounting
Sally 13 NULL NULL
John 10 10 Marketing
NULL NULL 12 HR
Michael 22 22 Engineering
NULL NULL 8 Sales
Bob 11 NULL NULL
Robin 7 7 Executive
Jessica 15 NULL NULL

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Join Overview
 Negated Left Outer Join
18 Accounting
Sally 13 NULL NULL
John 10 10 Marketing
12 HR
Michael 22 22 Engineering
8 Sales
Bob 11 NULL NULL
Robin 7 7 Executive
Jessica 15 NULL NULL

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Join Overview
 Negated Right Outer Join
NULL NULL 18 Accounting
Sally 13
John 10 10 Marketing
NULL NULL 12 HR
Michael 22 22 Engineering
NULL NULL 8 Sales
Bob 11
Robin 7 7 Executive
Jessica 15

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Join Overview
 Negated Outer Join
NULL NULL 18 Accounting
Sally 13 NULL NULL
John 10 10 Marketing
NULL NULL 12 HR
Michael 22 22 Engineering
NULL NULL 8 Sales
Bob 11 NULL NULL
Robin 7 7 Executive
Jessica 15 NULL NULL

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Problem: Addresses with Towns
 Display address information of all employees in "SoftUni"
database. Select first 50 employees.
 The exact format of data is shown below.
 Order them by FirstName, then by LastName (ascending).
 Hint: Use three-way join.

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Solution: Addresses with Towns

SELECT TOP 50 e.FirstName, e.LastName,

t.Name as Town, a.AddressText Employees Table
FROM Employees e
JOIN Addresses a ON e.AddressID = a.AddressID
JOIN Towns t ON a.TownID = t.TownID
ORDER BY e.FirstName, e.LastName
Towns Table

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Problem: Sales Employees
 Find all employees that are in the "Sales" department. Use
"SoftUni" database.
 Follow the specified format:

 Order them by EmployeeID

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Solution: Sales Employees

SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.FirstName, e.LastName,

d.Name AS DepartmentName
FROM Employees e Departments Table
INNER JOIN Departments d
ON e.DepartmentID = d.DepartmentID
WHERE d.Name = 'Sales'
ORDER BY e.EmployeeID

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Problem: Employees Hired After
 Show all employees that:
 Are hired after 1/1/1999
 Are either in "Sales" or "Finance" department

 Sorted by HireDate (ascending).

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Solution: Employees Hired After

SELECT e.FirstName, e.LastName, e.HireDate,

d.Name as DeptName
FROM Employees e
INNER JOIN Departments d
ON (e.DepartmentId = d.DepartmentId
AND e.HireDate > '1/1/1999'
AND d.Name IN ('Sales', 'Finance'))
ORDER BY e.HireDate ASC
Complex Join Condition

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Problem: Employee Summary
 Display information about employee's manager and employee's
department .
 Show only the first 50 employees.
 The exact format is shown below:

 Sort by EmployeeID (ascending).

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Solution: Employee Summary

SELECT TOP 50 Cross Table Selection

e.EmployeeID,
e.FirstName + ' ' + e.LastName AS EmployeeName,
m.FirstName + ' ' + m. LastName AS ManagerName,
d.Name AS DepartmentName
FROM Employees AS e
Self-join
LEFT JOIN Employees AS m ON m.EmployeeID = e.ManagerID
LEFT JOIN Departments AS d ON d.DepartmentID =
e.DepartmentID
ORDER BY e.EmployeeID ASC Table Departments

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 ☰
☰
☰

Subqueries
Query Manipulati on on Multiple Levels
Subqueries
 Use a query’s result as data for another query
Employees
EmployeeID Salary
Query
59 19,000
71 43,300
... ...
Subquery
DepartmentID Name
WHERE DepartmentID IN 10 Finance

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Subquery Syntax

SELECT FROM Employees AS e

WHERE e.DepartmentID IN
(
SELECT d.DepartmentID
Table Depatments
FROM Deparments AS d
WHERE d.Name = 'Finance'
)
Subquery
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Problem: Min Average Salary
 Display lowest average salary of all departments.
 Calculate average salary for each department.
 Then show the value of smallest one.

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Solution: Min Average Salary

SELECT
MIN(a.AverageSalary) AS MinAverageSalary
FROM
(
Subquery SELECT e.DepartmentID,
AVG(e.Salary) AS AverageSalary
FROM Employees AS e Table Employees
GROUP BY e.DepartmentID
) AS a

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Common Table Expressions
Reusable Subqueries
Common Table Expressions
 Common Table Expressions (CTE) can be considered as "named
subqueries".
 They could be used to improve code readability and code reuse.
 Usually they are positioned in the beginning of the query.

WITH CTE_Name (ColumnA, ColumnB…)

AS
(
-- Insert subquery here.
)
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CTE Syntax

WITH Employees_CTE
(FirstName, LastName, DepartmentName)
AS
(
SELECT e.FirstName, e.LastName, d.Name
FROM Employees AS e
LEFT JOIN Departments AS d ON
d.DepartmentID = e.DepartmentID
)

SELECT FirstName, LastName, DepartmentName

FROM Employees_CTE
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 Indexes
Clustered and Non-Clustered Indexes
Indices
 Indices speed up searching of values in a certain column or
group of columns.
 Usually implemented as B-trees.

 Indices can be built-in the table (clustered) or stored externally

(non-clustered).
 Adding and deleting records in indexed tables is slower!
 Indices should be used for big tables only (e.g. 50 000 rows).

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Clustered Indexes
 Clustered index is actually the data itself.
 Very useful for fast execution of WHERE, ORDER BY and GROUP BY
clauses.
 Maximum 1 clustered index per table
 If a table has no clustered index, Keys
its data rows are stored in an
0-99 100-199 200-299
unordered structure (heap).

Data ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰

46
Non-Clustered Indexes (1)
 Useful for fast retrieving a single record or a range of records
 Maintained in a separate structure in the DB
 Tend to be much narrower than the base table
 Can locate the exact record(s) with less I/O

 Has at least one more intermediate level than the clustered

index
 Much less valuable if table doesn’t have a clustered index

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Non-Clustered Indexes (2)
 A non-clustered index has pointers to the actual data rows
(pointers to the clustered index if there is one).

Keys Index

0-99 100-199 200-299 Range 1 Range 2 Range 3

Data ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ Links ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰ ☰

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Indices Syntax

Index Type

CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX

IX_Employees_FirstName_LastName
ON Employees(FirstName, LastName)

Table Name Columns

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Summary
1. Joins
SELECT * FROM Employees AS e
JOIN Departments AS d ON
d.DepartmentId = e.DepartmentID

2. Subqueries are used to nest queries.

3. CTE's improve code reuse and
readability.
4. Indices improve SQL search performance
if used properly.
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