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The Self As Cognitive Construct: Xides Leonore P. Conwi, LPT

Here are 10 things you can do to boost your self-esteem: 1. Practice self-care - Make sure to take good care of yourself through healthy habits like exercising, getting enough sleep, eating nutritious foods, etc. 2. Spend time with supportive people - Surround yourself with friends and family who love and support you for who you are. Their positive feedback can help boost your self-esteem. 3. Challenge negative self-talk - Be aware of negative thoughts and replace them with kinder, more realistic self-talk. 4. Set goals and celebrate accomplishments - Set goals that are meaningful to you and feel proud of yourself for all your achievements, big and small.

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Cristine Baloca
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141 views33 pages

The Self As Cognitive Construct: Xides Leonore P. Conwi, LPT

Here are 10 things you can do to boost your self-esteem: 1. Practice self-care - Make sure to take good care of yourself through healthy habits like exercising, getting enough sleep, eating nutritious foods, etc. 2. Spend time with supportive people - Surround yourself with friends and family who love and support you for who you are. Their positive feedback can help boost your self-esteem. 3. Challenge negative self-talk - Be aware of negative thoughts and replace them with kinder, more realistic self-talk. 4. Set goals and celebrate accomplishments - Set goals that are meaningful to you and feel proud of yourself for all your achievements, big and small.

Uploaded by

Cristine Baloca
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Self as Cognitive

Construct
Xides Leonore P. Conwi, LPT
Lesson Objectives

Identify Analyze
01 Different ideas in 03 The effects of various
psychology about the “self” factors identified in
psychology in the formation
of the “self”

Create
02 Own definition of the “self”
based on the definitions
from psychology
“You can alter your life
by altering your state of
mind.”
—William James
Psychology
• Scientific study of the human
behavior
• Sees the self as a theoretical
construct
William James

• The Self is divided into


two categories: the I-self
and the Me-self
William James

The I-self is also called the thinking self on which reflects the soul of the person
or the mind.

The Me-self refers to the person’s physical characteristics, as well as your


psychological capabilities that makes who you are. It is divided into sub-
categories:
• Material Self – individual’s physical attributes & material possessions
• Social Self – refers to who a person is and tells how a person acts in social
situations
• Spiritual Self – includes the person’s purpose, core values, conscience and
moral behavior.
Carl Rogers
• Suggests that the self develops from
how we interact with other people and
the awareness of our characteristics
and level of functioning.
• Human beings are always striving for
self-fulfilment or self-actualization
• Divided the self-concept in two
components: real self and ideal self
Carl Rogers

• The real self is said to be consists of all the ideas, including the
awareness of a person on what it is and what he/she can do.

• On the other hand, the ideal self is a person’s perception of what one
should be or what one aspires to be which includes one’s goals and
ambitions in life.

• The closer the ideal self is to the real self, the more fulfilled and happy
the individual becomes.
The Self according to Psychologists

• Other concepts similar to self are identity and self-concept.

• Identity is composed of personal characteristics, social roles, and


responsibilities, as well as affiliations that define who you are
(Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012)

• Self-concept is what basically comes to mind when you are asked


about who you are (Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012)
IDENTITY SELF-CONCEPT
The Self according to Psychologists

• Self, identity and self-concept are not fixed in one time frame.
Example: “I was a varsity player in 5th Grade” which pertains
to the past.
“A college student” which may be the present
And “a future teacher” which is the future.

• They are not also fixed for life nor are they ever-changing at every
moment.
The Self according to Psychologists
• Carl Rogers captured this idea in his concept of Hobbies
self-schema or our organized system or
collection of knowledge about who we are
(Gleitman, Gross and Reisberg 2011; Jhangiani
and Tarry 2014)

• It may also include your interests, work, course,


age, name, and physical characteristics Family
Self Religion

• As you grow and adapt to the changes around


you, they also change. But they are not passive
receivers. They actively shape and affect how
you see, think, and feel about things (Gleitman,
Gross and Reisberg 2011; Jhangiani and Tarry Nationality
2014))
Sigmund Freud

• 3 levels of mind

• Saw the self, its mental processes,


and one’s behavior as the results of
the interaction between the Id, Ego
and Superego (Personality Theory)
Personality Theory

• Id - has no contact with reality, yet it strives constantly to


reduce tension by satisfying basic desires

• its sole function is to seek pleasure

• Pleasure principle
Personality Theory

• Ego - the only region of the mind in contact with reality

• It grows out of the id during infancy and becomes a person’s


sole source of communication with the external world.

• Reality principle
Personality Theory
• Superego - represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is
guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles as opposed to the
pleasure principle of the id and the realistic principle of the ego

• it has no contact with the outside world and therefore is unrealistic in


its demands for perfection (Freud, 1923/1961a).

• Moralistic principle
EGO

SUPEREGO

ID
Id, Ego and Superego

Situation: You are very sleepy during the


EGO online class and you have an upcoming quiz
next week.

SUPEREGO
What will your Id say?

ID
What will your Superego say?
Importance of Society and Culture

• Even as Freud and other researchers try to understand the


person by digging deeper into the mind, they cannot fully
discount the huge and important effects of the environment.

• Social interaction always has a part to play in who we think


we are.
George Herbert Mead
• Self is created and developed through human interaction

• Three reasons why self and identity are social products:


1. We do not create ourself out of nothing.
2. We need others to affirm and reinforce who we think we are (e.g.
people who consciously/unconsciously try to get more “likes” in
social media)
3. What we think is important to us may also have been influenced by
what is important to our social or historical context.
• Social interaction and group affiliation are vital factors in
creating our self-concept especially in the aspect of
providing us with our social identity or our perception of
who we are based on our membership to certain groups
(Jhangiani and Tarry 2014)

• It is inevitable that we can have several social identities that


overlap each other. (Example: Student and Friend)
Self-awareness

• Carver and Scheier (1981) identified two types of self that we can be
aware of: (1) the private self and (2) the public self.

• Private self – internal standards and private thoughts and feelings

• Public self – public image commonly geared towards having a good


representation of yourself to others (Hogg and Vaughan 2010)
Self-awareness

• Self-awareness also presents us with at least three


other self-schema: “actual” self, “ideal” self and
“ought” self.

• Actual Self – who you are at the moment


• Ideal Self – who you want to be
• Ought Self – who you think you should be
Self-awareness

• Self-awareness may be positive or negative depending on circumstances


and our next course of action.

• Self-awareness can keep you from doing something dangerous (Example:


It can help you remind that there is an exam tomorrow in one of your
subjects when you are about to spend time playing computer games)

• Self-awareness can be too much that we are concerned about being


observed and criticized by others, also known as self-consciousness.
Self-awareness

• Example: Mass demonstrations erupting into riot

• Deindividuation or “loss of individual self-awareness and individual


accountability in groups”

• A lot of people will attune themselves with the emotions of their group
because the large crowd also provides some kind of anonymity, we may
lessen our self-control and act in ways that we will not do when we are
alone.
• Our group identity and self-awareness also has a
great impact on our self-esteem, one of the common
concepts associated with the “self”.

• Self-esteem is our own positive or negative


perception or evaluation of ourselves (Jhangiani and
Tarry 2014; Gleitman, Gross and Resiberg 2011)
Social Comparison Theory

• We learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as


out social status by comparing aspects our ourselves with other people.

• Downward social comparison – we compare ourselves with those who


are worse off than us (positive self-concept).

• Upward social comparison – comparing ourselves with those who are


better off than us.
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory

• It states that we can feel threatened when someone out-performs us,


especially when that person is close to us (i.e. family/friends)

• In this case, we usually react in three ways:


1. We distance ourselves from that person or define our relationship with
them. Some will resort to silent treatment, change of friends, while some
may become closer to that person in hopes that some association may
give him a certain kind of acknowledgement also.
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory

2. Reconsidering the importance of the aspect or skill in which you were


outperformed. You may look for new hobbies/things you excel in.

3. Strengthen our resolve to improve that certain aspect of ourselves

Achieving your goal through hard work may increase your self-esteem
too.
• However, in the attempt to increase or maintain self-esteem, some people
become narcissistic.

• Narcissism is a trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-


admiration, and self-centeredness. (Jhangiani and Tarry 2014)

• They are often charismatic because of how they take care of their image.

• Taking care of that image includes their interpersonal relationships thus


they will try to look for better partners, better acquaintances, as well as
people who will appreciate them a lot.
Optional Activity

Do a research and list ten (10) things to boost your self esteem or improve
your self-concept. Cite your sources.

Take a self-esteem test!


https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/tests/personality/self-esteem-test

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