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The Research Process

The document outlines the typical 7-step research process: 1) define the research problem, 2) review related literature, 3) formulate hypotheses, 4) prepare the research design, 5) collect data, 6) analyze data, and 7) interpret results and write the report. It discusses each step in detail, emphasizing defining the problem, reviewing past studies to refine questions, developing testable hypotheses, using appropriate design and instruments for data collection, analyzing results, and properly citing sources.

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Letlie Semblante
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311 views29 pages

The Research Process

The document outlines the typical 7-step research process: 1) define the research problem, 2) review related literature, 3) formulate hypotheses, 4) prepare the research design, 5) collect data, 6) analyze data, and 7) interpret results and write the report. It discusses each step in detail, emphasizing defining the problem, reviewing past studies to refine questions, developing testable hypotheses, using appropriate design and instruments for data collection, analyzing results, and properly citing sources.

Uploaded by

Letlie Semblante
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research Process

What is Research

• Research comprises "creative work


undertaken on a systematic basis in
order to increase the stock of
knowledge.

2
Questions are Many
Answers are Few

• When starting your research you may or


may not have a clear question but by
starting with an idea and formulating this
idea into a question you will be able to
review the literature already written on
this topic which will likely help you to
refine and narrow your questions

3
Why Should I Care About Research?

• Answering questions and making decisions


• We encounter research every day
• Common sense (intuition) is often wrong

Aamodt
What is the research process?

• It is the systematic manner in which a researcher approaches their area of study


to produce knowledge which the community will consider to be worthwhile
within the field.

• There are four principles stages in the research process that we will cover here:
• Inquiry
• Collection
• Organization
• Presentation
W h a t is research process?

• Series of various actions, which are necessary to effective research

work.

• Research process consist of a number of closely related activities.


• Various steps involved in a research process are not mutually exclusive;
nor they are separate & distinct.
Academic Integrity

• Academic Integrity means

honesty and responsibility in scholarship..


Intellectual contributions from others
must be consistently and responsibly
acknowledged.
Academic work completed in any other
way is fraudulent

7
The scientific research process is a multiple-step
process where the steps are interlinked with the other
steps in the process
7 STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS

• Step One: Define research problem


• Step Two: Review of related literature
• Step Three: Formulate hypotheses
• Step Four: Preparing the research design
• Step Five: Data collection
• Step Six: Data analysis
• Step Seven: Interpretation and report writing
Step One: Define Research Problem
There are two types of research problem, viz., those

• relate to states of nature


• relationship between variables

Essentially two steps are involved in defineresearch problem, viz.,


• understanding the problem thoroughly and
• rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from n point of view.
We have a problem

Identify the Problem

• The first step in the process is to identify a problem or develop a


research question.

• The research problem may be something the researcher


identifies as a problem, some knowledge or information that is
needed by the researcher, or the desire to identify a recreation
trend nationally
Step Two: Review of Literature

• Once the problem is define, a brief


summary of it should be written
down.
Review the Literature

• Now that the problem has been


identified, the researcher must learn
more about the topic under
investigation.

• To do this, the researcher must review


the literature related to the research
problem.
Review of Literature Helps to Move from

Past to Future (last 5 years)

• The review of literature also


educates the researcher about
what studies have been conducted
in the past, how these studies were
conducted, and the conclusions in
the problem area.
Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis

• Formulate hypothesis is tentative


assumption made in order to draw out
and test its logical or empirical
consequences.

Hypothesis should be very specific and


limited to the piece of research in hand
because it has to be tested.
Step 3:
Gather Background Information
Get Basic Info
Pick up an encyclopedia and read about basic information
on your topic. If the topic is too specific, read about the
subject.

Read On...
If there are any good suggestions of books at the end of
the encyclopedia article, note those to look up later.
What is Hypothesis

• HYPOTHESIS - a contention based on


preliminary evidence of what
appears to be fact (an educated
guess), which may or may not be
true.

1
8
Hypothesis should keep you on Right Track

• The role of the hypothesis is to guide


the researcher by delimiting the area
of research and to keep him on the
right track.
Searching for sources

• Identify important concepts in your topic.


•Once you have articulated your topic, try to pick out important
concepts or keywords which you can use when you search for articles.
• Identify the subject area
• Consider how recent or historical your search is.
• Do not take outdated topics
Step Four: Preparing the Research Design

• The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant evidence
with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.

• Research purpose may be grouped into four categories:

o Exploration
o Description
o Diagnosis
o Experimentation
Step Five: Data Collection

• Primary data can be collected through:


o Observation
o personal interview
o telephone interview
o mailing of questionnaires
Collect Data

• Once the instrumentation plan is


completed, the actual study begins
with the collection of data.

• The collection of data is a critical step


in providing the information needed
to answer the research question.
Step Six: Data Analysis

The analysis of data requires a number of closelyrelated


operations such as establishment of categories.

This stage mainly include :

1.Coding
2.Editing
3.Tabulation
Analyse the Data

• All the time, effort, and resources


dedicated to steps 1 through 7 of the
research process culminate in this final
step.

• The researcher finally has data to analyse


so that the research question can be
answered.
Evaluate your results

• Look at the number of article citations you were able to retrieve. If you
retrieved more articles than you expected and they don't seem to be
relevant to your topic, you may need to add another concept or keyword
to your search statement in order to narrow your search.
Step Seven: Interpretation and Report Writing

Researcher has to prepare the report of what has been done by him.
Writing of report includes:

1.the preliminary pages;

2.the main text, and

3. End matter. Finally it

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7
CITE WHAT YOU FIND USING A STANDARD FORMAT

• Give credit where credit is due; cite your sources.


• Citing or documenting the sources used in your research serves two
purposes, it gives proper credit to the authors of the materials used, and
it allows those who are reading your work to duplicate your research
and locate the sources that you have listed as references.
Reference
s• Basic Social Work Research library University of Michigan USA
• Steps of the research process Applied Research and
Evaluation Methods in Recreation By Diane C. Blankenship
:Human Kinetics
• The Research Process University Library University of Illinois

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