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Basic Operations With Force Systems (Short)

1) The document discusses basic concepts in mechanics including vectors, forces, moments, and couples. Vectors are classified as fixed, sliding, or free based on their point or line of application. 2) A force is a mechanical interaction between bodies that can cause translation and deformation. It is a fixed vector. Moments measure a force's tendency to cause rotation about a point or axis. 3) A couple is a system of two parallel and opposite forces that produces a rotational effect without translation. Sample problems demonstrate calculating moments and equivalency between force systems.

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Kirk Jamison
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407 views40 pages

Basic Operations With Force Systems (Short)

1) The document discusses basic concepts in mechanics including vectors, forces, moments, and couples. Vectors are classified as fixed, sliding, or free based on their point or line of application. 2) A force is a mechanical interaction between bodies that can cause translation and deformation. It is a fixed vector. Moments measure a force's tendency to cause rotation about a point or axis. 3) A couple is a system of two parallel and opposite forces that produces a rotational effect without translation. Sample problems demonstrate calculating moments and equivalency between force systems.

Uploaded by

Kirk Jamison
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Operations with Force

Systems
Prepared by Engr Reyman Solas
Equivalence of Vectors
• We recall that vectors are quantities that have
magnitude and direction, and combine
according to the parallelogram law for
addition.
• Two vectors that have the same magnitude
and direction are said to be equal.
• In mechanics, the term equivalence implies
interchangeability; two vectors are considered
to be equivalent if they can be interchanged
without changing the outcome of the problem.
• Equality does not always result in equivalence.
For example, a force applied to a certain point
in a body does not necessarily produce the
same effect on the body as an equal force
acting at a different point.
From the viewpoint of equivalence, vectors
representing physical quantities are classified into
the following three types:
• Fixed vectors: Equivalent vectors have the same
magnitude, direction, and point of application.
• Sliding vectors: Equivalent vectors have the same
magnitude, direction, and line of action.
• Free vectors: Equivalent vectors have the same
magnitude and direction.
Force
• Force is the term assigned to mechanical interaction
between bodies.
• A force can affect both the motion and the
deformation of the body on which it acts.
• Forces may arise from direct contact between bodies,
or they may be applied at a distance (such as
gravitational attraction).
• Contact forces are distributed over a surface area of
the body, whereas forces acting at a distance are
distributed over the volume of the body.
Force is a fixed vector, because one of its
characteristics (in addition to its magnitude and
direction) is its point of application.
the external effects* of the three loadings are
identical. It follows that if we are interested only
in the external effects, a force can be treated as a
sliding vector.
The above conclusion is summarized by the
principle of transmissibility:
A force may be moved anywhere along its line of
action without changing its external effects on a
rigid body.
As a further illustration of the principle of
transmissibility, consider the rigid block shown
Reduction of Concurrent
Force Systems
Consider the forces F1, F2 , F3, ... acting on the
rigid body
These forces can be reduced to a single,
equivalent force by the following two steps.
1. Move the forces along their lines of action to
the point of concurrency 0
Sample Problem 2.1
Sample Problem 2.2
PROBLEMS
Moment of a Force about a Point
ln general, a force acting on a rigid body tends to
rotate, as well as translate, the body.
The force itself is the translational effect- the
body tends to move in the direction of the force,
and the magnitude of the force is proportional
to its ability to translate the body.
Here we introduce the tendency of a force to
rotate a body, called the moment of a force about
a point.
This rotational effect depends on the magnitude
of the force and the distance between the point
and the line of action of the force.
The tendency of a force to rotate a body about an
axis, called the moment of a force about an axis
Definition
Let F be a force and 0 a point that is not on the
line of action of F, as shown.
Note that the force F and the point 0 determine
a unique plane.
We let A be any point on the line of action of F
and define r to be the vector from point 0 to
point A.
Geometric interpretation
Sample Problem 2.3
Sample Problem 2.4
PROBLEMS
Moment of a Force about an Axis
Moment about an axis is a measure of the
tendency of a force to rotate a body about the
axis, it is fundamental to the study of
engineering mechanics.
We begin with a formal definition of the
moment about an axis, and we then examine its
geometric interpretation.
Definition
The moment of F about the axis AB is
the orthogonal component of M0
along the axis AB, where 0 is any point
on AB.

Letting λ be a unit vector directed from


A toward B, this definition gives for the
moment of F about the axis AB

where a is the angle between M0 and λ., as


shown
Sample Problem 2.5
Sample Problem 2.6
PROBLEMS
Couples
As pointed out before, a force has two effects on
a rigid body: translation due to the force itself
and rotation due to the moment of the force.
A couple, on the other hand, is a purely
rotational effect- it has a moment but no
resultant force.
Couples play an important role in the analysis of
force systems.
Definition
Two parallel, noncollinear forces that are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction are known as a couple.
Moment of a couple about a point
The sum of the moments about point 0 for the two
forces is
Equivalent couples
Sample Problem 2.7
Sample Problem 2.8
Sample Problem 2.9
PROBLEMS
• Which of the systems are equivalent to the
couple in (a)?

To be continued…
continuation

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