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    Migration and Accumulation of Hydrocarbon

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    Bharat Kumar
    This document discusses the basics of petroleum geology, including the key components and processes involved in the formation of an oil accumulation. It explains that oil formation requires: 1) burial of organic source material to appropriate depths and temperatures, 2) a reservoir rock with porosity and permeability to hold and allow fluid flow of hydrocarbons, and 3) an impermeable seal and trap to prevent hydrocarbons from escaping. It then provides more details on topics like the petroleum system, types of source rocks and traps, and how porosity, permeability and seals are evaluated.

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    Migration and Accumulation of Hydrocarbon

    Uploaded by

    Bharat Kumar
    54 views21 pages
    This document discusses the basics of petroleum geology, including the key components and processes involved in the formation of an oil accumulation. It explains that oil formation requires: 1) burial of organic source material to appropriate depths and temperatures, 2) a reservoir rock with porosity and permeability to hold and allow fluid flow of hydrocarbons, and 3) an impermeable seal and trap to prevent hydrocarbons from escaping. It then provides more details on topics like the petroleum system, types of source rocks and traps, and how porosity, permeability and seals are evaluated.

    Original Description:

    Introduction to petroleum Engineering

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    This document discusses the basics of petroleum geology, including the key components and processes involved in the formation of an oil accumulation. It explains that oil formation requires: 1) burial of organic source material to appropriate depths and temperatures, 2) a reservoir rock with porosity and permeability to hold and allow fluid flow of hydrocarbons, and 3) an impermeable seal and trap to prevent hydrocarbons from escaping. It then provides more details on topics like the petroleum system, types of source rocks and traps, and how porosity, permeability and seals are evaluated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    54 views21 pages

    Migration and Accumulation of Hydrocarbon

    Uploaded by

    Bharat Kumar
    This document discusses the basics of petroleum geology, including the key components and processes involved in the formation of an oil accumulation. It explains that oil formation requires: 1) burial of organic source material to appropriate depths and temperatures, 2) a reservoir rock with porosity and permeability to hold and allow fluid flow of hydrocarbons, and 3) an impermeable seal and trap to prevent hydrocarbons from escaping. It then provides more details on topics like the petroleum system, types of source rocks and traps, and how porosity, permeability and seals are evaluated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Basics of Petroleum Geology

    Presented By: Engr Bharat Kumar Harani


    FORMATION OF AN OIL
    ACCUMULATION
    Burial of adequate organic source material.
     Most petroleum is derived from the accumulation of trillions of
    individual micro-organisms.

    Burial to the appropriate depths.


     Depths of 2-6 km and temperatures of 60-160º C.

    Presence of a reservoir-quality rock.


    A porous storage space. Sandstone and limestones are
    the most common reservoir rocks. To be a reservoir they
    must have:
     Porosity, to hold the hydrocarbons
     Permeability, to allow fluid flow
    PRESENCE OF AN ADEQUATE SEAL
     A seal is an impermeable bed (such as a shale or a
    bed of salt) that sits on top of the trap and prevents
    the hydrocarbons rising any further.

    Presence of a trap
     In order to prevent the hydrocarbons rising to the
    surface and escaping they must be caught in a
    confined space, termed a trap. i.e. the source,
    reservoir and seal must be arranged in such a way
    that the petroleum is trapped.
    ORGANIC MATTER

    •WHEN AN ORGANISM (PLANT OR ANIMAL) DIES, IT IS


    NORMALLY OXIDIZED

    •UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS: ORGANIC MATTER IS BURIED


    AND PRESERVED IN SEDIMENTS

    •THE COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANIC MATTER STRONGLY


    INFLUENCES WHETHER THE ORGANIC MATTER CAN PRODUCE
    COAL, OIL OR GAS.
    BASIC COMPONENTS OF ORGANIC
    MATTER IN SEDIMENTS

    • PROTEINS
    • CARBOHYDRATES
    • LIPIDS (Fats)
    • LIGNIN

    All of these + Time + Temperature +


    Pressure = KEROGEN
    TYPES OF
    KEROGEN
    • Type I : algal
    kerogen
    – “best” oil source
    – Lipid-rich
    • Type II:
    herbaceous
    kerogen
    – Good oil source
    – Includes
    zooplankton
    (sapropelic)
    • Type III: woody
    kerogen (coaly)
    – Good gas
    source
    OIL FORMATION
    THE PETROLEUM
    SYSTEM
    THE SOURCE
    ROCK
    • A type of rock
    which contains
    organic matter
    and is capable
    to generate the
    hydrocarbons.
    • Best example of
    source rock is
    shale.
    THE RESERVOIR
    ROCK

    • A reservoir rock is
    that kind of rock
    which can hold
    the hydrocarbons.
    • Most common
    examples of
    reservoir rocks
    are sandstone
    and Carbonates
    (limestone and
    dolomite).
    THE RESERVOIR ROCK:
    DOLOMITE
    • This is an example of an
    important reservoir rock
    type.
    • Fossils have been
    hollowed out by the
    chemical conversion of
    limestone to dolomite,
    creating pore spaces so
    large that they are
    sometimes called
    “cavernous porosity”
    THE SEAL
    • The seal or cap rock
    is an impermeable
    rock which don’t
    allow the
    hydrocarbons to
    escape from the
    reservoir rock.
    • Common examples
    of cap rocks are,
    chalks , shales, clays
    etc.
    THE TRAP
    • A subsurface obstacle to flow of petroleum
    to the earth’s surface.

    • Classified (broadly) into


    Structural Traps
    Examples: folds and faults.
    Stratigraphic Traps
    Examples: pinch out and unconformity traps
    STRUCTURAL
    TRAPS
    STRATIGRAPHIC
    TRAPS
    MIGRATION
    PROCESSES
    • Primary Migration:
    involves the
    expulsion of
    petroleum from
    the source rocks to
    reservoir rock.
    • Secondary
    Migration: involves
    the movement of
    petroleum through
    permeable layers
    (carrier beds) to
    the trap.
    RESERVOIR POROSITY AND
    PERMEABILITY

    There are two fundamental


    physical properties that
    a good reservoir must
    have:
    (1)porosity, or sufficient
    void space to contain
    significant petroleum.
    (2)permeability, the
    ability of petroleum to
    flow through these voids.
    TYPES OF
    POROSITY
    RESERVOIR PROPERTIES ARE TO BE CONFIRMED
    THROUGH

    • Direct methods (Core)

    • Indirect method (logs)


    PRESENCE OF OIL/GAS IS CONFIRMED THROUGH

    (1) Logs (2) Cuttings/cores (3) Testing

    Seal Integrity is the most important factor for


    preservation of hydrocarbon in pools

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