SEPARATION

TECHNIQUES PART 2
 Decantation
 
Decanting is also a chemical laboratory
process used to separate mixtures. In its
simplest form, it just means allowing a
mixture of solid and liquid or two immiscible
liquids to settle and separate by gravity.
Example
Dirt and water: Muddy water can be cleared
up by decanting. The soil will sink to the
bottom of the tube, allowing the clear water to
be poured off.
Rice and water: In cooking rice, we are doing
decantation because the rice grains settle at
the bottom of the pot. 
 Filtration
Filtration is a process used to separate solids from
liquids or gases using a filter medium that allows the
fluid to pass through but not the solid. The term
"filtration" applies whether the filter is mechanical,
biological, or physical. The fluid that passes through the
filter is called the filtrate
Examples
While filtration is an important separation technique in a
laboratory, it's also common in everyday life.
 
Brewing coffee involves passing hot water through the ground
coffee and a filter.
 
•Air conditioners and many vacuum cleaners
use HEPA filters to remove dust and pollen
from the air.
Filtration Methods
There are different types of filtration. Which
method is used depends largely on whether the solid is
a particulate (suspended) or dissolved in the fluid.
General Filtration: The most basic form of filtration is using
gravity to filter a mixture. The mixture is poured from above onto a
filter medium (e.g., filter paper) and gravity pulls the liquid down. The
solid is left on the filter, while the liquid flows below it.
 TAKE NOTE

The clear liquid that has passed through the filter

paper is called the filtrate and the particles that
are left behind on the filter paper is called the
residue
 Distillation
Distillation is a widely used method for
separating mixtures based on differences in
the conditions required to change the phase
of components of the mixture. To separate a
mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to
force components, which have different
boiling points, into the gas phase.
Uses of Distillation
Distillation is a widely used method for
separating mixtures based on differences in the
conditions required to change the phase of
components of the mixture. To separate a
mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to
force components, which have different boiling
points, into the gas phase.
 Types of Distillation

Types of distillation include simple distillation,

fractional distillation (different volatile 'fractions' are
collected as they are produced), and destructive
distillation (usually, a material is heated so that it
decomposes into compounds for collection).
 Simple Distillation

Simple distillation may be used when the boiling points of

two liquids are significantly different from each other or to
separate liquids from solids or nonvolatile components. In
simple distillation, a mixture is heated to change the most
volatile component from a liquid into vapor. The vapor rises
and passes into a condenser. Usually, the condenser is
cooled (e.g., by running cold water around it) to promote
condensation of the vapor, which is collected.
 Steam Distillation

Steam distillation is used to separate heat-sensitive

components. Steam is added to the mixture, causing
some of it to vaporize. This vapor is cooled and
condensed into two liquid fractions. Sometimes the
fractions are collected separately, or they may have
different density values, so they separate on their own.
An example is steam distillation of flowers to yield
essential oil and a water-based distillate.
 Fractional Distillation

Fractional distillation is used when the boiling points of the

components of a mixture are close to each other, as determined
using Raoult's law. A fractionating column is used to separate the
components used a series of distillations called rectification. In
fractional distillation, a mixture is heated so vapor rises and enters
the fractionating column. As the vapor cools, it condenses on the
packing material of the column. The heat of rising vapor causes this
liquid to vaporize again, moving it along the column and eventually
yielding a higher purity sample of the more volatile component of the
mixture.
 Vacuum Distillation

Vacuum distillation is used to separate components

that have high boiling points. Lowering the pressure
of the apparatus also lowers boiling points.
Otherwise, the process is similar to other forms of
distillation. Vacuum distillation is particularly useful
when the normal boiling point exceeds the
decomposition temperature of a compound.
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 Chromatography

Chromatography is a group of laboratory

techniques used to separate the components of a
mixture by passing the mixture through a stationary
phase. Typically, the sample is suspended in the
liquid or gas phase and is separated or identified
based on how it flows through or around a liquid or
solid phase.
 Uses of Chromatography
Chromatography is used primarily to separate
components of a mixture so that they can be identified or
collected. It can be a useful diagnostic technique or part
of a purification scheme.
It also used to separate small amount of mixture. This
method is normally used to find the dyes in ink and in
food. This will ensure that only dyes that are safe for
consumption are used in food coloring.
Assessment Task #1 – SHORT RESPONSE ESSAY
Directions: Answer the following questions with a maximum of five sentences.
 
How important the separation techniques in our daily living?
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How can you apply the separation techniques in your daily activities? Cite some
example.
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 Magnetic Attraction

Magnetic Separation is one of the most common

and important physical separation techniques and
there are many varieties of magnetic separation
equipment available. The basic concept of a
Magnetic Separation is that magnetically susceptible
particles or bodies are separated from non-magnetic
particles. However, the simplicity stops there.
 Magnetic Separator Applications
Magnetic Separation is applied widely where
materials are being processed.  Typical applications
include:
 Recycling
Recovering metal from waste or purifying
secondary materials by removing metals is vital for
successful recycling. This is achieved by using
Permanent and Electro Magnetic Separators. Typical
examples include:
• Recovering steel beverage and food cans from
household waste;
• Recovering aluminum b b b bbb bb bb b b
b cans from household waste.
 Mineral Processing and Ceramics
Permanent and Electro Magnetic Separators are
used to separate magnetically susceptible minerals.
Examples include:
• Removing iron bearing minerals from silica sand
used in the production of glass;
• Cleansing feldspar and clay used in the
production of ceramics. Iron can cause defects and
discoloration in the finished ceramic product.
 Food Production
A wide variety of Magnetic Separation
equipment can be found in most food
processing plants.  They are used to remove
metal contamination.  This prevents damage to
processing equipment and ensures maximum
food product quality.
 Evaporation
Evaporation is a technique used to separate out
homogeneous mixtures where there is one or more dissolved
salts. The method drives off the liquid components from the
solid components. The process typically involves heating the
mixture until no more liquid remains. Prior to using this
method, the mixture should only contain one liquid component,
unless it is not important to isolate the liquid components. This
is because all liquid components will evaporate over time. This
method is suitable to separate a soluble solid from a liquid.
 In many parts of the world,
table salt is obtained from the
evaporation of sea water. The
heat for the process comes
from the sun.
 For your task, answer assessment #. 2 of this module. Write
your answer on the spaces provided.