Introduction:

The Concepts
of POLITICS
and
GOVERNANCE
- denotes a social activity

- is the creation, maintenance and amendment of

social norms or rules.

- an art and science of the government.

- the realm of public affairs or the
state.
- Accdg. to Plato, POLITICS is the study of affairs of
the Polis (city- state),which he defined as the most
sovereign and inclusive association

- Accdg to Robert Dahl, POLITICS is the existence of

rules or authority within the state.
- it is therefore the study of POWER relationship
among the people in a given society as well
those
as relationships among states in the
internal community . (Lazo, 2009)

- The exercise of power, the science of government,

the making of collective decisions, the allocation of
scarce resources and the practice of deception and
manipulation.
POLIS – city-state

POLITES –
citizens

POLITIKOS – government
officials
As a concept, it is associated to the culture of
cooperation one side and differing conflict on
the oth.er side
POLITICS
is…
-Exercise of power, making political
decisions,
practice of deception and manipulation,
exercise ofauthority, allocation of
resource limited
s
- Use force to affect the behaviorofanother
person or group
Did you
know?
- People who are unaware or are only partly
unaware and uninformed of what is going on is
called idiotes.

- d
I i o ts of r An c i e n t G r ee
d o e s no t
k s m e a n s
vo t e , d o e
a p e sr o n w h o :
s n o t
d isc u s s p ub li c si s u es, a n d does not
involve himself in government affairs.
BASIC ISSUES IN
POLITICS:
LEGITIMACY

 SOVEREIGNT
Y

AUTHORITY
 LEGITIMAC
Y
- Attitude of the people about what they consider in
mind that government is a rightful ruler over them

- Legal and Psychological right to govern

- Compels people to believe and follow orders

 SOVEREIGNT
Y
- It is the right of the government to rule and the
right of a government of leadership to exist

- The right of a leader to rule and control not only

his subjects but also the territory over which
citizens live and prosper
 AUTHORIT
- It is the power of the leader to rule and the power to
Y
exact obedience on his people. It is based on an
acknowledged duty to obey rather than on any form
of coercion or manipulation.
- It exists when subordinates acknowledged the right
of superiors to give orders.
- Right to act rather than the power to do so
Classifications of Authority (Max
Weber)
1. Traditional A. Inheritance or a. Datu Puti
Authority succession
2. Rational-Legal/ B. Legality of b. Pres.
Bureaucrat formal rules Roa Duterte
ic
Authority
3. Charismatic C. Gift of grace c. Brother
Authority Villanueva
Classifications of Authority (Max
Weber)
Type of Authority Description Examples
Traditional - legitimate power
conferred by custom Datu Puti
and accepted
practice
Rational- - power made
legitimate by law Pres. Rodrigo
Legal/
Roa
Bureaucratic
Duterte
Authority
Charismat - leader's exceptional
personal or Bro. Eddie Villanueva
ic
Authority emotional appeal to
followers
NOTE
:
Authority relies on the obligation of the
people to obey their leaders by virtue of the
legitimate power of his or her office. Effective
authority requires firm, fair, and wise
leadership.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
POLITICS
ORDER

 POWE
R

 JUSTIC
E
1.
ORDER
- the central to the study of politics
because it shows different components
of human society
Structures of
Order
a. Community - the central to the study of politics
because it shows different components of
human society
b. Government - the central to the study of
politics because it shows different components
of human society
c. State - is the largest social order today and in
which the term politics originally derived.
2.
POWER
- The main source of reign of the
government. The possession to govern
or rule the state.
3.
JUSTICE
- The process of legalizing and
penalizing the abuse of political power
and power to rule.
VALUE OF
POLITICS
will help you to know your rights

clarifies what you yourself believes

is a living, breathing subject

helps you to understand our nation's

parties

prepares you for adult life

It enables us…
-to understand how Political
System works

-to understand the functions and

role of the government
- to develop political awareness

- to understand socio-political issues

and their implications

- to cultivate responsive citizenship

and effective participation in
government
 TWO
APPROACHES
to the STUDY of
POLITICS
1. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

- It is the traditional approach in

which the primary goal is to understand
the essence or the truth about politics.
2. POLITICAL
SCIENCE
- It is the empirical/ objective approach
in which it places little emphasis on
abstract and normative question, and
concentrates on a dispassionate and
objective of the realities of politics.
Important
Personalities:
Jean Bodin
 French Philosopher, who first called the
study of state as Political Science

Niccolo Machiavelli
 Father of Modern Political Science

Jean Jacques Rousseau

 Father of Modern Democracy
Is the exercise of power/ authority by political
leader for the well being at their country’s
citizens or subject.

Refers to the manner of steering/ governing and

or directing and controlling a group of people/
the state.
3 Legs of
Governance
1. Economic Governance - country's
economic activities and its relationships
with other economies

2. Political Governance - to formulate policy

3. AdministrativeGovernance - system
of policy implementation
Characteristics of
Good Governance
1.
Participation
- participation by both men and women

- Participation is one of the strengths

of Philippine governance
- The 1987 Philippine Constitution is replete
of provisions dealing with relational and
inter- sectoral governance.
- The Local Government Act of 1989 was
borne out of the need for decentralization in
Philippine governance.
- As such, these and other related legislations
may be considered as normative standards for
good governance.
2. Rule of
Law
- legal frameworks should be fair and enforced
impartially
- Democracy is essentially the rule of law
- Rule of law demands that the people and the
civil society render habitual obedience to the
law.
- It also demands that the government acts within
the limits of the powers and functions prescribed
by the law.
- The Philippines does not fare well in this aspect of
good governance.
- In spite of being one of the oldest democracies in
the region, the Philippines ranked as last among
seven indexed Asian countries according to the
World Justice Project Rule of Law Index.
- Generally, the reasons for ranking last are “lack
of respect for law,” “pervasive and systemic
corruption in the government,”
and “circumvention of the law.”
- Lack of respect for law is generally caused
by distrust on the integrity of law
enforcement agencies.
- Order and security are compromised and
criminal justice is rendered ineffectual.
3.
Transparency
- Free flow of information

- Transparency, as an indicator of good

governance, means that people are open to
information regarding decision-making
process and the implementation of the same.
- In legal terms, it means that information on
matters of public concern are made available
to the citizens or those who will be directly
affected.
- It also means that transactions involving
public interests must be fully disclosed and
made accessible to the people.
- Efforts were made in pursuit of transparency
in Philippine governance.

- As far as the government sector is concerned,

the current administration, consistent with its
drive of curbing corruption, promotes
honesty and integrity in public service.
- It is currently pursuing the passage of the
Freedom of Information Bill and other related
legislations, as well as intensifying people’s
engagement in local governance.
- Transparency in budget and disbursements are,
however, still far from being substantially
implemented.
4.
Responsiveness
- serve all stakeholders

- means that institutions and processes serve

all stakeholders in a timely and appropriate
manner.
- It also means that actors and structures of
governance easily give genuine expression to
the will or desire of the people.
- Some of the important efforts made to
attain responsive governance in the
Philippines are
decentralization, creation of citizen’s charter in all
frontline agencies (as required by ARTA), and gender
sensitivity programs.
- First, through decentralization, local governments,
which are more proximate to their constituents, serve
more promptly the people, who in turn become
more involved in decision-making.
- Second, every government agency now has it
Citizen’s Charter, which provides timeframes for
every step in attaining frontline services.
- Agencies now must also respond to written
queries sent by the stakeholders or
interested parties within a period of ten
days, otherwise there will be delayed service.
- However, this aspect of governance still remains
to be one of the causes for the decline of
public’s confidence in the public sector.
- Although the ARTA has been passed, there is still
so much delay in public service delivery.
- The failure of the government agencies to
explain the charters to the stakeholders is one of
the main reasons why there is still delay.
5. Consensus
Oriented
- mediates differing
interests
6. Equity and
Inclusiveness
- all have opportunities to improve
or maintain their well-being
7. Effectiveness
and
Efficiency
- produce results that meet needs while
making the best use of resources
- actors meet the needs of the society means that
there is effective governance.
- That the valuable resources are utilized, without
wasting or underutilizing any of them, means
that there is efficient governance.
- enhancement and standardization of the
quality of public service delivery consistent
with international standards,
professionalization of bureaucracy.
- Efforts were made to attain effectiveness and
efficiency in Philippine governance.
- The Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (ARTA), for instance,
was passed to require the setting up of Citizen’s
Charter for a simplified procedure and to facilitate
governmental transactions.
- Also, many government departments and agencies
pursued a rationalization program to check
excessive and redundant staffing.
8.
Accountability
- accountable to the
public
Importance of Studying
Governance
- Governance, the people, most especially
the citizens, will be aware of the need
for good governance.

- Consequently, such awareness

should move them to action
- For their continued empowerment and
sustainable development, they have to know
how to fight for their rights by knowing
what to expect from Philippine governance.
 PROCESSES AND ACTORS
IN GOVERNANCE
 Decision-Making and
Implementation
- Decision-making refers the process whic
a person
by or group of persons, guided by socio-
h
political structures, arrive at a decision involving
their individual and communal needs and wants.
- Implementation is the process that
logically follows the decision.
 Actors and
- An actor is a sector or group or institution
Structures
participates
that in the process of decision-
making implementation.
- A structure refers to an organization or
mechanism that formally or informally guides
the decision- making process and sets into
motion the different actors and
apparatuses in
the implementation process.
 Informal Actors and Bad Governance
- Their influence is felt more clearly in local
governments, such as organized crime
syndicates and powerful families, and in
rural and urban areas.
- Most often than not, these actors are the
cause of corruption, in that legitimate
government objectives are distorted by
their illegal and private interests.
- Worse, they manipulate government officials
and agencies, and cause
widespread yet organized violence in the
community.
- In urban and rural areas, for example, the rich
and powerful families control the economy by
controlling the local government officials.
- They bring about a controlled environment so
that decisions must always favor them.