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Ultra Sound Imaging

Ultrasound imaging uses piezoelectric crystals that transmit high frequency sound waves into the body and receive the echoes to produce images. It was developed in the late 19th century based on work with bats and piezoelectricity. Modern ultrasound uses different modes like B-mode and Doppler to visualize internal structures and blood flow in real-time without radiation. Advancements include portable devices and improved resolution of small vessels through new imaging techniques. Proper training and compliance with medical regulations are needed for safe use.

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manali gawari
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178 views42 pages

Ultra Sound Imaging

Ultrasound imaging uses piezoelectric crystals that transmit high frequency sound waves into the body and receive the echoes to produce images. It was developed in the late 19th century based on work with bats and piezoelectricity. Modern ultrasound uses different modes like B-mode and Doppler to visualize internal structures and blood flow in real-time without radiation. Advancements include portable devices and improved resolution of small vessels through new imaging techniques. Proper training and compliance with medical regulations are needed for safe use.

Uploaded by

manali gawari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ULTRA SOUND IMAGING

Contents
• Origin
• Principle of working
• Use of gel
• Modes of ultrasound
• Advancements
• Precautions
• References
Origin
YEAR NAME INVENTION

1794 Lazzaro Spallanzani Study of ultra sound physics


with the help of bats

1880 Pierre & Jacques Curie Piezo-Electric Effect


Principle
• Works on piezoelectric effect
• same crystal used by machine to transmit and
listen .
• First the machine applies a voltage to the
crystal to expand it and transmit.
• The ultrasound machine then very quickly
switches to a listening mode by monitoring the
voltage across the piezo electric crystal. This
transmit and receive cycle is repeated very
rapidly.
• rapidly applied and removed voltage
repeatedly, expands and relaxes, creating
ultrasound waves.
• When a voltage is applied to a piezo electric
crystal , it expands. When the voltage is
removed, it contracts back into its original
thickness.
Why Ultrasound imaging?
• Non-invasive
• ability to distinguish interfaces between soft
tissues
USE OF GEL
• The characteristic impedance determines the
degree of reflection and refraction at the
interface between two media
• % of the incident wave energy which is
reflected ={[z1-z2]/[z1+z2]}*100
Modes of ultrasound
A mode
• Used to measure length(for eg. Eyeball length)
• Simplest but not frequently used
• The time difference between the first bump
and the second bump represents how long the
ultrasound wave took to travel between the
two walls
Modes of Ultrasound
• A-mode
M mode
- commonly used in cardiac and fetal cardiac
imaging.
- is obtained with a single ultrasound beam
transmitted through the heart or target tissue,
and the resulting image is displayed over time
- the ultrasound beam width is minimized, and
acquisition frame rates generally increase,
resulting in an increase in spatial and temporal
resolution compared with 2-D imaging.
• M-mode will then show how the structures
intersected by that line move toward or away
from the probe over time.
B-Mode (brightness mode)
B mode
• The B scan is just a few dots of different
brightness along a line.
• B scan done at different levels of the object,
we will get a two dimensional image on the
screen
• First a B scan is done at the top of the
structure chosen, e.g. the eye.
• The first B scan line is kept on the screen. Then
at a slightly different level, the B scan is
repeated.
• This B scan result is also kept on the screen .
Then, again at a slightly different level, the B
scan is repeated.
.
DOPPLER MODE
• Helps to determine blood flow velocity and
direction.
• the Doppler effect is the apparent shift in
sound wave frequency that occurs when a
sound wave is reflected by a moving target
• When the wave is bounced back from a
stationary object such as a nerve, both the
transmitted and the returned waves have the
same frequency
• But when it bounced back from moving
object, it is not same
• Helps differentiate b/w blood vessel and nerve
• Ultrasound machines tell us doppler effect
information using colour.
• It uses different colours to show the direct
and speed of flow.
• This helps you to identify vessels.
Advantages
• easily focussed; directional and obtained with
little spreading.
• With the help of high frequency ultrasonic
waves, easier to investigate small structures.
• have no adverse effect on the body.
• Demonstrate movement of internal tissues
• Real time images
Sequential probes
• Vascular linear array probe
• Higher lateral resolution
• Penetration depth less
• Used for superficial soft tissues
• Higher frequency
Sequential probe
Phased array probe
• Phase array probe
• Penetration depth more
• Lower frequency
• For deeper structure
Advancements
• From new premium-tier systems to the expansion
of handheld, point-of-care (POC)  solutions
• Toshiba-Super micro-vascular imaging for 2D
images of vessels
• Philips healthcare-Lumify app turns any Android-
based smartphone or tablet device into a
handheld, portable ultrasound system simply by
plugging a Philips transducer into the device’s
USB port
Precautions
• Successful practices by GE healthcare india
• 1994 PNDT act
• PNDT license compliance
• Training of sales people
References
• US food and drug administration - https://www.fda.gov/default.html
https://www.fda.gov/Radiation- EmittingProducts/
RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging
/ucm115357.htm
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1Bdp2tMFsY
• http://files.gecompany.com/gecom/citizenship/pdfs/ge_ethical_ultrasound
_use_india_casestudy.pdf
• WHO report series
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42093/1/WHO_TRS_875.pdf
• Historical aspects of ultra sound imaging
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/historical-aspects-of-ultrasound-in-medici
ne-1
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqVGgq5bE-Y
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s23_d-qeEn4
• https://www.howequipmentworks.com/ultrasound_basics/

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