Chapter 4

Control Volume Analysis Using

Energy
 Learning Outcomes
►Demonstrate understanding of key
concepts related to control volume
analysis including distinguishing between
steady-state and transient analysis,
distinguishing between mass flow rate and
volumetric flow rate, and the meanings of
one-dimensional flow and flow work.
►Apply mass and energy balances to
control volumes.
 Learning Outcomes, cont.
►Develop appropriate engineering models
for control volumes, with particular
attention to analyzing components
commonly encountered in engineering
practice such as nozzles, diffusers,
turbines, compressors, heat exchangers,
throttling devices, and integrated systems
that incorporate two or more components.
►Use property data in control volume
analysis appropriately.
 Mass Rate Balance

time rate of change of time rate of flow of time rate of flow

mass contained within the mass in across of mass out across
control volume at time t inlet i at time t exit e at time t

dmcv
 m i  m e (Eq. 4.1)
dt
 Mass Rate Balance
In practice there may be several locations
on the boundary through which mass enters
or exits. Multiple inlets and exits are
accounted for by introducing summations:
dmcv
  m i   m e (Eq. 4.2)
dt i e
Eq. 4.2 is the mass rate balance for
control volumes with several inlets and
exits.
 Mass Flow Rate
(One-Dimensional Flow)
►Flow is normal to the boundary at locations
where mass enters or exits the control volume.
►All intensive properties are uniform with
position over each inlet or exit area (A) through
which matter flows.
AV
m  (Eq. 4.4b)
v
where
V is velocity
v is specific volume
 Mass Rate Balance
(Steady-State Form)
►Steady-state: all properties are unchanging
in time.
►For steady-state control volume, dmcv/dt = 0.

 m i   m e (Eq. 4.6)
i e
(mass rate in) (mass rate out)
 Energy Rate Balance

time rate of change net rate at which net rate at which net rate of energy
of the energy energy is being energy is being transfer into the
contained within transferred in transferred out control volume
the control volume by heat transfer by work at accompanying
at time t at time t time t mass flow

2 2
dEcv V V
 Q  W  m i (ui  i  gzi )  m e (ue  e  gze ) (Eq. 4.9)
dt 2 2
Evaluating Work for a Control Volume

The expression for work is

W  W cv  m e ( peve )  m i ( pi vi ) (Eq. 4.12)

where
► W cv accounts for work associated with rotating
shafts, displacement of the boundary, and electrical
effects.
► m e ( pe ve ) is the flow work at exit e.
► m i ( pi vi ) is the flow work at inlet i.
 Control Volume Energy Rate Balance
(One-Dimensional Flow Form)
Using Eq. 4.12 in Eq. 4.9
2 2
dEcv  V V
 Qcv  W cv  m i (ui  pi vi  i  gzi )  m e (ue  peve  e  gze )
dt 2 2
(Eq. 4.13)
For convenience substitute enthalpy, h = u + pv
2 2
dEcv  V V
 Qcv  W cv  m i (hi  i  gzi )  m e (he  e  gze )
dt 2 2
(Eq. 4.14)
Control Volume Energy Rate Balance
(One-Dimensional Flow Form)
In practice there may be several locations
on the boundary through which mass enters
or exits. Multiple inlets and exits are
accounted for by introducing summations:
2 2
dEcv  V V
 Qcv  W cv   m i (hi  i  gzi )   m e (he  e  gze )
dt i 2 e 2
(Eq. 4.15)

Eq. 4.15 is the accounting balance for the

energy of the control volume.
 Control Volume Energy Rate Balance
(Steady-State Form)
►Steady-state: all properties are unchanging
in time.
►For steady-state control volume, dEcv/dt = 0.

2 2
V V
0  Q cv  W cv   m i (hi  i  gzi )   m e (he  e  gze )
i 2 e 2
(Eq. 4.18)
 Control Volume Energy Rate Balance
(Steady-State Form, One-Inlet, One-Exit)
►Many important applications involve one-inlet, one-exit control
volumes at steady state.
►The mass rate balance reduces to .
m 1  m 2  m

 (V 2
 V 2
)  Eq.
0  Q cv  W cv  m (h1  h2 )  1 2  g ( z1  z2 )
 2  4.20a
or dividing by mass flow rate
Q cv W cv (V12  V22 ) Eq.
0   (h1  h2 )   g ( z1  z2 ) 4.20b
m m 2
 Nozzles and Diffusers

►Nozzle: a flow passage of varying cross-

sectional area in which the velocity of a gas
or liquid increases in the direction of flow.
►Diffuser: a flow passage of varying cross-
sectional area in which the velocity of a gas
or liquid decreases in the direction of flow.
 Nozzle and Diffuser Modeling
 (V 2
 V 2
)  Eq.
0  Q cv  W cv  m (h1  h2 )  1 2  g ( z1  z2 )
 2  4.20a
► W cv  0.
►If the change in potential energy from inlet to exit is
negligible, g(z1 – z2) drops out.
►If the heat transfer with surroundings is negligible,
Q cv drops out.
 V2  V2 
0  (h1  h2 )   1 2 
(Eq. 4.21)
 2 
 
 Turbines

►Turbine: a device in which power is

developed as a result of a gas or liquid
passing through a set of blades attached to
a shaft free to rotate.
 Turbine Modeling
 (V 2
 V 2
)  Eq.
0  Q cv  W cv  m (h1  h2 )  1 2  g(z  z )
1 2  4.20a
 2 
►If the change in kinetic energy of flowing matter is negligible, ½(V12 – V22)
drops out.
►If the change in potential energy of flowing matter is negligible, g(z1 – z2)
drops out.
►If the heat transfer with surroundings is negligible,
drops out.

Q cv

W cv  m (h1  h2 )
Compressors and Pumps
►Compressors and Pumps:
devices in which work is done
on the substance flowing
through them to change the
state of the substance, typically
to increase the pressure and/or
elevation.
►Compressor : substance is gas
►Pump: substance is liquid
Compressor and Pump Modeling
 (V 2
 V 2
)  Eq.
0  Q cv  W cv  m (h1  h2 )  1 2  g(z  z )
1 2  4.20a
 2 
►If the change in kinetic energy of flowing matter is negligible, ½(V12 – V22)
drops out.
►If the change in potential energy of flowing matter is negligible, g(z1 – z2)
drops out.
►If the heat transfer with surroundings is negligible,
drops out.

Q cv

W cv  m (h1  h2 )
 Heat Exchangers

►Direct contact: A mixing chamber in which hot and cold

streams are mixed directly.
►Tube-within-a-tube counterflow: A gas or liquid stream is
separated from another gas or liquid by a wall through which
energy is conducted. Heat transfer occurs from the hot stream
to the cold stream as the streams flow in opposite directions.
 Heat Exchanger Modeling
2 2
V V
0  Q cv  W cv   m i (hi  i  gzi )   m e (he  e  gze )
i 2 e 2
(Eq. 4.18)
► W cv  0.
►If the kinetic energies of the flowing streams are negligible, (Vi2/2) and (Ve2/2) drop
out.
►If the potential energies of the flowing streams are negligible, gzi and gze drop out.
m m
i surroundings is negligible,
e
►If the heat transfer with
drops out.

m i m e

Q cv
0   m i hi   m e he
i e
 Throttling Devices

►Throttling Device: a device that achieves a

significant reduction in pressure by introducing a
restriction into a line through which a gas or
liquid flows. Means to introduce the restriction
include a partially opened valve or a porous plug.
 Throttling Device Modeling
 (V 2
 V 2
)  Eq.
0  Q cv  W cv  m (h1  h2 )  1 2  g(z  z )
1 2  4.20a
 2 
► W cv  0.
►If the change in kinetic energy of flowing matter upstream and downstream of the
restriction is negligible, ½(V12 – V22) drops out.
►If the change in potential energy of flowing matter is negligible, g(z1 – z2) drops out.
►If the heat transfer with surroundings is negligible,
drops out.

Q cv
h2  h1 (Eq. 4.22)
 System Integration
►Engineers creatively combine components to
achieve some overall objective, subject to
constraints such as minimum total cost. This
engineering activity is called system integration.
►The simple vapor power plant
of Fig 4.16 provides an
illustration.
 The Mass Balance
(Transient Analysis)
►Transient: state changes with time.
►Integrate mass rate balance (Eq. 4.2) from time
0 to a final time t.
t  dm t  t 
   

 
0  dt 
cv
dt  
0

 i

m i dt 



0
 e
m e dt



This becomes
mcv (t )  mcv (0)   mi   me (Eq. 4.23)
i e
where
•mi is amount of mass entering the control volume through
inlet i, from time 0 to t.
•me is amount of mass exiting the control volume through
exit e, from time 0 to t.
 The Energy Balance
(Transient Analysis)
►Integrate energy rate balance (Eq. 4.15), ignoring the effects
of kinetic and potential energy, from time 0 to a final time t.

t  dU t t t  t 
  cv 
0  dt 
dt 

0
Q cv dt 

0
W cv dt 
  
0
 i
m i hi dt 


 

0
 e
m e he dt



When the specific enthalpies at inlets and exits are

constant with time, this becomes
U cv (t )  U cv (0)  Qcv  Wcv   mi hi   mehe (Eq. 4.25)
i e