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Thermodynamics: Steam and Its Properties

This document discusses the properties of steam and various states of water. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition and describes water existing as a compressed liquid below the saturation temperature for a given pressure. At the saturation temperature, the liquid is saturated and any added heat will cause some of the liquid to vaporize. Once boiling occurs, the temperature remains constant until all liquid is vaporized. The vapor is then saturated vapor. Superheated vapor exists above the saturation temperature. Latent heat refers to heat transfer during phase changes and decreases with increasing pressure. Dryness fraction indicates the ratio of vapor mass to total fluid mass. Specific volume depends on the mass and specific volumes of liquid and vapor phases.

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Dr. Kamal Singh Rawat
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56 views14 pages

Thermodynamics: Steam and Its Properties

This document discusses the properties of steam and various states of water. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition and describes water existing as a compressed liquid below the saturation temperature for a given pressure. At the saturation temperature, the liquid is saturated and any added heat will cause some of the liquid to vaporize. Once boiling occurs, the temperature remains constant until all liquid is vaporized. The vapor is then saturated vapor. Superheated vapor exists above the saturation temperature. Latent heat refers to heat transfer during phase changes and decreases with increasing pressure. Dryness fraction indicates the ratio of vapor mass to total fluid mass. Specific volume depends on the mass and specific volumes of liquid and vapor phases.

Uploaded by

Dr. Kamal Singh Rawat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamics

(Properties of steam)

Lecture

Steam and Its Properties

1
Pure substance

 A substance that has a fixed chemical composition


throughout is called a pure substance. Example:
helium (He), Argon (Ar)

 A pure substance does not have to be of a single


chemical element it may be a compound. Example: N2,
CO2, H2O, NH3

 A mixture of two or more phases of a pure substance is


still a pure substance as long as the chemical
composition of all phases is the same.

2
Phase Change Processes

3
Phase Change Processes

4
Saturation Pressure & Temperature

5
Compressed Liquid

 When temperature of water is lower than the saturation


temperature (for given pressure), it exists in the liquid
phase, and it is called a compressed liquid, or a
subcooled liquid.

 At this state, water is not about to vaporize.

 If heat is added to water, its temperature rises and liquid


water expands slightly, and so its specific volume
increases.

6
Saturated Liquid

 If heat is added to subcooled liquid, its temperature


rises.

 If we continuously heat the liquid, it reach its saturation


temperature (for given pressure).

 At this point water is still a liquid, but any heat addition


will cause some of the liquid to vaporize.

 That is, a phase-change process from liquid to vapor is


about to take place.

 A liquid that is about to vaporize is called a saturated


liquid.
7
Saturated Vapour

 Any heat addition to saturated liquid will cause some of


the liquid to vaporize (phase-change process).

 Once boiling starts, the temperature stops rising until


the liquid is completely vaporized, if the pressure is
held constant.

 When all liquid converted into vapours and temperature


is still equal to saturation temperature, the vapours are
known as saturated vapours.

 Any heat loss from this vapor will cause some of the
vapor to condense. A vapor that is about to condense is
called a saturated vapor.
8
Superheated Vapor

 If heat is added to saturated vapor, temperature rises


above the saturation temperature, and they become
superheated.

 Some amount of heat loss from superheated vapor will


not cause condensation.

 A vapor that is not about to condense (i.e., not a


saturated vapor) is called a superheated vapor.

9
Latent Heat

 Heat transfer associated with phase change is known


as latent heat.

 LH = Heat transfer during phase change

 LH = hfg = hg – hf

 Phase change occurs at constant pressure.

 With the increase in the value of pressure, the value of


latent heat of vaporization is decrease and it become
zero at critical point.

10
Dryness Fraction

 
It is also known as quality of stream. It is denoted by x.

 It is the ratio of mass od vapour to the total mass of the


fluid.

11
Specific Volume

  𝑉
𝑣=
𝑚

Liquid and vapor mixture volume = V = m.v

𝑉 =𝑉 𝑓 + 𝑉 𝑔
 

𝑚 . 𝑣=𝑚 𝑓 . 𝑣 𝑓 +𝑚 𝑔 . 𝑣 𝑔
 

𝑚 . 𝑣=𝑚 𝑓 . 𝑣 𝑓 +𝑚 𝑔 . 𝑣 𝑔
 

( 𝑚𝑓 +𝑚 𝑔 ) . 𝑣=𝑚 𝑓 . 𝑣 𝑓 +𝑚 𝑔 . 𝑣 𝑔
 
12
Specific Volume

( 𝑚𝑓 +𝑚 𝑔 ) . 𝑣=𝑚 𝑓 . 𝑣 𝑓 +𝑚 𝑔 . 𝑣 𝑔
 

  𝑚𝑓 𝑚𝑔
𝑣= .𝑣 + .𝑣
( 𝑚 𝑓 +𝑚 𝑔 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑚𝑓 +𝑚 𝑔 ) 𝑔

  𝑣 =( 1 − 𝑥 ) . 𝑣 𝑓 + 𝑥 . 𝑣 𝑔

13
Thank You

14

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