System and Network

Administration Windows Based

Lecture 1+2- Introduction

Week 1,
15 & 17th October 2018.
Instructor

Dr. Allah Ditta

Assistant Professor (IT)
Visiting Office hours:
 Only Wednesday 12:00 to 2:00 PM
 Office No: 312

Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Course Structure

 Quizzes/Assignments/Presentation

 Class Participation
 Mid Terms
 Final Exam (Theoretical +Practical)
How will quizzes to be conducted

 Surprise
 Announced
Title

Introduction to Computer Administration,

Operating System, Utilities Programs and
Windows environment
Lecture Plan

 Few Questions about

 Computers
 Networks
 Operating Systems

6
Questions ?

What is This ?

What you can do with this System?

Can you print with this machine?
Can you access email/web ?

7
How System can Print?

+ =

8
How System can access Internet

Modem
+ =
LAN
Card

9
Scenario : What if we have 3
Computers

10
Network

 What is Computer Network?

 Multiple Computing Devices connected
through some Interconnection devices to
form a Wired or Wireless Network

 Why Computer Network?

 Resource Sharing
 Printer / Hard Disk Space
 Data (Files/emails/web pages)
 Multimedia (audio/video)

11
Network Approach

Print Server

Internet Gateway

12
Objectives

 After this class, you should understand:

 what an operating system is.
 a brief history of operating systems.
 a brief history of the Internet and the
World Wide Web.
 core operating system components.
 goals of operating systems.
 operating system architectures.
Introduction
 Unprecedented growth of computing
during the past several decades.
 Desktop workstations execute billions
of instructions per second (BIPS)
 Supercomputers can execute over a
trillion instructions per second
 Computers are now employed in
almost every aspect of life.
What Is an Operating System?

 Some years ago an operating system

was defined as the software that
controls the hardware.
What Is an Operating System?
 Separates applications from the hardware they access
 Software layer
 Manages software and hardware to produce desired
results
 Operating systems primarily are resource managers
 Hardware
 Processors
 Memory
 Input/output devices
 Communication devices
 Software applications
Early History: The 1940s and
1950s
 Operating systems evolved through several
phases
 1940s
 Early computers did not include operating systems
 1950s
 Executed one job at a time
 Included technologies to smooth job-to-job
transitions
 Single-stream batch-processing systems
 Programs and data submitted consecutively on tape
The 1960s
 1960s
 Still batch-processing systems
 Process multiple jobs at once
 Multiprogramming
 One job could use processor while other jobs
used peripheral devices
 Advanced operating systems developed to
service multiple interactive users
 1964
 IBM announced System/360 family of computers
The 1960s
 Timesharing systems
 Developed to support many simultaneous
interactive users
 Turnaround time was reduced to minutes or
seconds
 Time between submission of job and the
return of its results
 Real-time systems
 Supply response within certain bounded time
period
The 1970s
 Primarily multimode timesharing systems
 Supported batch processing, timesharing and
real-time applications
 Department of Defense develops TCP/IP
 Standard communications protocol
 Widely used in military and university settings
 Security problems
 Growing volumes of information passed over
vulnerable communications lines.
The 1980s
 1980s
 Era of personal computers and workstations
 Computing distributed to sites at which it was
needed
 Personal computers proved relatively easy
to learn and use
 Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
 Transferring information between
computers via networks became more
economical and practical
History of the Internet and
World Wide Web
 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
 Department of Defense
 In late 1960s, created and implemented
ARPAnet
 Grandparent of today’s Internet
 Networked main computer systems of ARPA-
funded institutions
 Capable of near-instant communication via e-
mail
 Designed to operate without centralized
control
History of the Internet and
World Wide Web
 Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
 Set of rules for communicating over
ARPANet
 TCP/IP manages communication between
applications
 Ensure that messages routed properly
from sender to receiver
 Error-correction
 Later opened to general commercial use
History of the Internet and
World Wide Web
 World Wide Web (WWW)
 Locate and view multimedia-based documents on
almost any subject
 Early development begun in 1989 at CERN by Tim
Berners-Lee
 Technology for sharing information via hyperlinked
text documents
 HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
 Defines documents on WWW
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Communications backbone used to transfer documents
across WWW
The 1990s
 Operating system support for networking tasks became
standard
 Increased productivity and communication
 Microsoft Corporation became dominant
 Windows operating systems
 Employed many concepts used in early Macintosh
operating systems
 Enabled users to navigate multiple concurrent
applications with ease.
 Object technology became popular in many areas of
computing
 Many applications written in object-oriented
programming languages
 For example, C++ or Java
 Object-oriented operating systems (OOOS)
 Objects represent components of the operating system
The 1990s
 Most commercial software sold as object code
 The source code not included
 Enables vendors to hide proprietary information and
programming techniques
 Free and open-source software became increasingly
common in the 1990s
 Open-source software distributed with the source
code
 Allows individuals to examine and modify
software
 Linux operating system and Apache Web server
both open-source
The 1990s

 Operating systems became

increasingly user friendly
 GUI features pioneered by Apple widely
used and improved
 “Plug-and-play” capabilities built into
operating systems
 Enable users to add and remove hardware
components dynamically
 No need to manually reconfigure operating
system
Application Bases
 IBM PC immediately spawned a huge
software industry
 Independent software vendors (ISVs)
market software packages to run under MS-
DOS operating system.
 Operating system must present environment
conducive to rapid and easy application
development
 Application base
 Combination of hardware and operating
system used to develop applications
Operating System
Environments
 Operating systems intended for high-end
environments
 Special design requirements and hardware
support needs
 Large main memory
 Special-purpose hardware
 Large numbers of processes
 Embedded systems
 Characterized by small set of specialized
resources
 Provide functionality to devices such as cell
phones and (Personal Digital Assistant) PDAs
Operating System
Environments

 Real-time systems
 Require that tasks be performed within
particular (often short) time frame
 Autopilot feature of an aircraft must
constantly adjust speed, altitude and
direction
 Such actions cannot wait indefinitely—
and sometimes cannot wait at all
Operating System Components
and Goals

 Computer systems have evolved

 Early systems contained no operating
system,
 Later gained multiprogramming and
timesharing machines
 Personal computers and finally truly
distributed systems
 Filled new roles as demand changed and
grew
Operating System Goals

 Users expect certain properties of

operating systems
 Efficiency
 Scalability
 Extensibility
 Portability
 Security
 Interactivity
 Usability
What is an Operating System?
 A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving
user problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to
use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner
 Computer System components
 Computer system can be divided into four components:
 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
 What Operating Systems Do

 Depends on the point of view

 Users want convenience, ease of use and good
performance
 Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe or
minicomputer must keep all users happy
 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations
have dedicated resources but frequently use shared
resources from servers
Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers
connect through common bus providing
access to shared memory
Few more Questions

 Types of Computers
 Client Machine
 Computer that is used to access shared
resource
 Server Machine
 Computer that provides resource sharing

 What is Different?
 Operating System Interface

38
Operating System
 Interface b/w
 End User and a Computer

 Interface b/w
 Software and Hardware

 Less Privileged Interface

 Partial Access
 Client Machine

 More Privileged Interface

 Full Access
 Server Machine

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Computer Operating System
User Interaction with Computer through
Operating system 
Categories of Operating Systems
 Multi-user OS – Allows multiple users to
use same computer at the same time.
(eg; Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000)
 Multiprocessor OS – Supports two or
more processors that running programs
at the same time. (eg; Linux, UNIX,
Windows 2000)
 Lecture Continued in next class