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Lecture 9 Vector Space

The document discusses vector spaces and related concepts like subspaces and spans. It defines what constitutes a vector space and subspace. It provides various examples to illustrate these concepts like representing vectors using coordinates, polynomial spaces, and matrix spaces. It also discusses properties of subspaces and spans.

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JP Punsalan
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34 views32 pages

Lecture 9 Vector Space

The document discusses vector spaces and related concepts like subspaces and spans. It defines what constitutes a vector space and subspace. It provides various examples to illustrate these concepts like representing vectors using coordinates, polynomial spaces, and matrix spaces. It also discusses properties of subspaces and spans.

Uploaded by

JP Punsalan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VECTOR SPACES

MATH 15 - Linear Algebra


DEFINITION 1
A real vector space is a set of  elements together with
two operations and satisfying the following properties:
(α) If and are any elements of , then is in (i.e., is
closed under the operation ).
a) , for and in .
b) , for , , and in .
c) There is an element 0 in such that
, for all in .
d) For each in , there is an element in such that
.
DEFINITION 1
(β) If is any element of and  is any real number, then is
in (i.e., is closed under the operation ).
e) , for all real numbers and all and in .
f) , for all real numbers and , and all in .
g) , for all real numbers and and all in .
h) , for all in .
DEFINITION 1
Property (α) is called the closure
  property for , and (β)
is called the closure property for .
DEFINITION 1
The elements of are called vectors;
  the real numbers
are called scalars. The operation is called vector
addition; the operation is called scalar multiplication.
The vector 0 in property (c) is called a zero vector. The
vector in property (d) is called a negative of u.
Ways of Representing Vectors
A. Vectors of  
• A Cartesian vector in -dimensions
• Also known as Euclidean Vector Space

Examples:
,,
Ways of Representing Vectors
B. Endpoints of Coordinates 
• Representation of vectors using endpoints with initial
points from the origin

Examples:
ordered pair
ordered triple
ordered -tuple
Ways of Representing Vectors
C. Polynomial Spaces  
• Representation using

Examples:
→first degree polynomial space
→second degree polynomial space
Ways of Representing Vectors
D. Matrix Space  
• Representation using

E. Function Space
• Representation using
THEOREM 6.1
If is a vector space  

a) , for every in .
b) , for every scalar .
c) If , then or .
d) , for every in .
SUBSPACES
Definition  
Let be a vector space and a nonempty subset of . If is a
vector space with respect to the operations in , then is
called a subspace of .
EXAMPLES
1. Every vector space has at  least two subspaces, itself
and the subspace consisting only of the zero vector
[recall that and in any vector space]. The subspace
is called the zero subspace.
EXAMPLES
2. Let be the subset of consisting
  of all vectors of the
form , where and are any real numbers, with the
usual operations of vector addition and scalar
multiplication. To check if is a subspace of , we first
see whether properties (α) and (β) of Definition 1
hold. Thus let and be vectors in .

and are in since the third component is zero. Thus


properties (α) and (β) of Definition 1 hold. We can easily
verify that properties (a)-(h) hold. Hence is a subspace
of .
THEOREM 6.2
Let be a vector space with operations
  and and let be a
nonempty subset of . Then is a subspace of if and only
if the following conditions hold:
(α) If and are any vectors in , then is in .
(β) If is any real number and is any vector in , then is in
.
EXAMPLES
3. Consider the set consisting
  of all 2 × 3 matrices of
the form , where , , , and are arbitrary real numbers.
Then is a subset of the vector space (Note: The
subscript determines the order of the matrix). Show
that is a subspace of . Note that a 2 × 3 matrix is in
provided its and entries are zero.
EXAMPLES
3. Solution:  
Consider and in . Then
is in , (α)→ok
Also, if is a scalar, then
is in , (β)→ok.

Hence is a subspace of .
EXAMPLES
4. Let be the subset of consisting
  of all vectors of the
form , where and are any real numbers.
Let and be vectors in . Then which is not in , since the
third component is 2 and not 1. (α) does not hold, is
not a subspace of .
EXAMPLES
5. Let denote the vector space   consisting all
polynomials of degree and the zero polynomial, and
let denote the vector space of all polynomials. It is
easy to verify that is a subspace of and, in general,
that is a subspace of . Also is a subspace of .
6. Let be the set of all polynomials of degree exactly =
2; is a subset of , but it is not a subspace of , since
the sum of the polynomials and , a polynomial of
degree 1, is not in .
EXAMPLES
7. Let denote the set of  all real-valued continuous
functions that are defined on the interval . If and
are in , then is in , since the sum of two continuous
functions is continuous. Similarly, if is scalar, then is
in . Hence is a subspace of the vector space of all
real-valued functions that are defined in . If the
functions are defined for all real numbers, the vector
space is denoted by .
EXAMPLES
8. Consider the homogeneous   system , where is an
matrix. A solution consists of a vector in . Let be the
subset of consisting of all solutions to the homogeneous
system. Since , we conclude that is not empty.
Let and be the solutions. Then
and .
Now , so is a solution.
Also, if is a scalar, then , so is also a solution. Hence is a
subspace of , called the solution space of the homogeneous
system, or the null space of .
EXAMPLES
It should be noted that the set
  of all solutions to the
linear system , where is , is not a subspace of if .
EXAMPLES
9. A simple way of constructing   subspaces in vector
space is as follows. Let and be fixed vectors in a
vector space and let be the set of all linear
combinations of and , that is consists of all vectors
in of the form , where and are any real numbers.
Let and be vectors in . Then
, which is in .
Also, if is a scalar, then is in . Hence is a subspace of .
DEFINITION
Let , , …, be vectors in a vector
  space . A vector in is
called a linear combination of , , …, if

for some real numbers , ,…, .

In Figure 6.1 we show the vector in or as a linear


combination of the vectors and .
EXAMPLES
10. In let , , and .  

The vector is a linear combination of , , and if we can


find real numbers , , and so that .

Substituting for , , , and , we have


EXAMPLES
Combining terms on  the left and equating
corresponding entries leads to the linear system (verify)

Solving this linear system gives , , and , which means


that is a linear combination of , , and . Thus
.
DEFINITION
If is a set of vectors in a vector
  space , then the set of
all vectors in that are linear combinations of the vectors
in is denoted by
span or span .

In Figure 6.3 we show a portion of span , where and


are noncollinear vectors in ; span is a plane that passes
through the origin and contains the vectors and .
EXAMPLES
11. Consider the set of 2 × 3  matrices given by
.

The span is the set in consisting of all vectors of the


form

, where , , , and are real numbers.


EXAMPLES
That is, span is the subset of  consisting of all matrices
of the form
,
where , , , and are real numbers.
THEOREM 6.3

Let be a set of vectors in a  vector space . The span is a


subspace of .
EXAMPLES
12. In let  

Determine if the vector belongs to the span .


EXAMPLES
Solution:  

Substituting for , , , , and , we have

or
.
Thus we get the linear system

.
EXAMPLES
To investigate whether or not  this system of linear
equations is consistent, we form the augmented matrix
and transform it to reduced row echelon form,
obtaining (verify)
,
Which indicates that the system is inconsistent, that is,
it has no solution. Hence does not belong to span .

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