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Evolution of Computers

The document discusses the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, faster, and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits, which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors, putting thousands of circuits on a single chip and leading to the development of personal computers. The fifth generation involves artificial intelligence and further advancements. The document also describes different types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, microcomputers, minicomputers, and personal computers.

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Mohit Makhija
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54 views15 pages

Evolution of Computers

The document discusses the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, faster, and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits, which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors, putting thousands of circuits on a single chip and leading to the development of personal computers. The fifth generation involves artificial intelligence and further advancements. The document also describes different types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, microcomputers, minicomputers, and personal computers.

Uploaded by

Mohit Makhija
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EVOLUTION OF

COMPUTERS
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
 Computers have evolved from the fundamental principles
of mathematical calculation and language processing. The
computing systems of today are an outcome of the efforts
and intellect of mathematicians, logicians, linguists and
technologists from all over the world. Computer history
comprises of the evolutionary journey of computing
systems, the timeline of operating systems as well as the
history behind the development of a wide variety of
computer software and hardware. Before moving towards
the elaborate history of computers, you can read about the
computer history in brief and the evolution of computers.
THERE ARE FIVE
GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS
First Generation - 1940-1956:
Vacuum Tubes
 The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great
deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was
often the cause of malfunctions.
 First generation computers relied on
machine language, the lowest-level programming
language understood by computers, to perform
operations, and they could only solve one problem at
a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
 The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of
first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was
the first commercial computer delivered to a business
client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1956.
Second Generation - 1956-1963:
Transistors

 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and


ushered in the second generation of
computers. The transistor was invented in
1947 but did not see widespread use in
computers until the late 50s. The transistor
was far superior to the vacuum tube,
allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable than their first-generation
predecessors. Though the transistor still
generated a great deal of heat that subjected
the computer to damage, it was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-
generation computers still relied on punched
cards for input and printouts for output.
The first computers of this generation were
developed for the atomic energy industry.
Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

 The development of the integrated circuit


was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized
and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased
the speed and efficiency of computers.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts,
users interacted with third generation
computers through keyboards and monitors
and interfaced with an operating system,
which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory.
 Computers for the first time became
accessible to a mass audience because they
were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.
Fourth Generation -1971:
Present Microprocessor
 The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first
generation filled an entire room could now fit in the
palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in
1971, located all the components of the computer -
from the central processing unit and memory to
input/output controls - on a single chip.

 In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the


home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the
Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the
realm of desktop computers and into many areas of
life as more and more everyday products began to use
microprocessors.
 As these small computers became more powerful,
they could be linked together to form networks,
which eventually led to the development of the
Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld
devices.
Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence

 Fifth generation computing devices, based on


artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as
voice recognition, that are being used today.
 The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-
generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPUTERS
Super Computer

 The fastest type of


computer. Supercomputers
are very expensive and are
employed for specialized
applications that require
immense amounts of
mathematical calculations.
For example, weather
forecasting requires a
supercomputer. Other uses
of supercomputers include
animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations,
nuclear energy research,
and petroleum exploration.
MAINFRAME COMPUTER:
 The chief difference between a
supercomputer and a mainframe
is that a supercomputer channels
all its power into executing a
few programs as fast as possible,
whereas a mainframe uses its
power to execute many programs
concurrently.
 These of computer are server
based.
 All computers are connected to
main server.
 Server is storage device of all
computers.
 Server fulfills the requirement of
clients and send it back to main
server.
MICROCOMPUTERS:

 These computers are used for national security


 The defence people use this to contact each
other i.e.Navy,Army,Air Force.
MINICOMPUTER:

 These computers are used


by common man today to
do work faster.
 Laptops ,Mobile & etc.
PERSONAL COMPUTER:
 These are used by all
computer user
 They are easy to
handle compare to
supercomputer
-- mohit--

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