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Principles of Statistical Analysis

This document provides an overview of statistical principles and analysis. It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. Statistics is useful for decision making as it allows one to describe information, draw conclusions from samples, project future outcomes, and make decisions under uncertainty. The document outlines the main branches of statistics as theoretical, descriptive, and inferential statistics. It also discusses topics such as summarizing data, statistical inference, fields of application, and key terms.

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Keith
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87 views21 pages

Principles of Statistical Analysis

This document provides an overview of statistical principles and analysis. It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. Statistics is useful for decision making as it allows one to describe information, draw conclusions from samples, project future outcomes, and make decisions under uncertainty. The document outlines the main branches of statistics as theoretical, descriptive, and inferential statistics. It also discusses topics such as summarizing data, statistical inference, fields of application, and key terms.

Uploaded by

Keith
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRINCIPLES OF

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

by

Dr Freddie Mupambireyi (PhD)


Senior Lecturer: Business Studies Dept
OVERVIEW OF STATISTICS

1) What is Statistics?
2) How different is Statistics from other
numeric subjects?
3) Who needs/uses Statistics?
OR
Why do we need Statistics?
Statistical Definitions
 Statistics means different things to different people
 1) Statistics deals with numerical descriptions
 2) Statistics deals with description and inferences
 3) Statistics is the art and science of collecting,
analysing, presenting and interpreting data
 4) Statistics is the science of classifying and
organising data in order to draw inferences
 5) Statistics is the science comprising rules and
procedures for collecting, describing, analysing, and
interpreting numerical data
Statistical Definitions Cont
Statistics is a subject which deals with the
following:
Data collection or gathering
Data organisation or summarisation
Data analysis or critical evaluation
Data description and interpretation
Once the above aspects are done then decision
making becomes easy
Why do we need OR study Statistics?
 Statistics enables decision makers to:
1) describe and summarise information systematically.
2) know how to draw conclusions about large
populations based on information obtained from
samples
3) It is a planning tool used to make sound decisions
Why do we need OR study
Statistics?
 4) project or predict what is likely to happen in
future based on information contained in a
sample.
 5) provides us with a variety of analytical
procedures in making decisions in the
presence of uncertainty.
 6) not simply to satisfy curiosity but to provide
estimates or comparisons on which sound
decisions can be made.
Branches of Statistics

Mathematical or Applied Statistics


Theoretical
Applied Statistics

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Estimation
Summary Graphical Hypothesis
of
Measures Displays Testing
parameters
Branches of Statistics
 Theoretical or Mathematical Statistics
This is a branch that deals with the derivation
and validation (proofs) of different theorems,
formulae, identities etc
 Applied Statistics
This is a branch that deals with the application of
already derived and validated or proven
theorems, formulae, identities etc
Branches of Statistics Cont’
 Descriptive Statistics
 This is a branch that deals with different ways
through which a given board of data can be
summarised or organised and presented
 It also presents information in a convenient, usable
and understandable form
 Inferential Statistics
 This is a branch that deals with drawing
generalisations or conclusions about populations
using data drawn from samples
Ways of Summarising Data
 1) Summary Measures
 This is a way of condensing or summarising data
through the computation of numeric values, a single
value will represent a particular data set of numeric
measurements
 Measures of central tendency
 Measures of variation/spread/dispersion
 Measures of skewness
 Measures of position
 Measures of kurtosis
Ways of Summarising Data Cont
 2) Graphs
 These are visual displays which are used to
represent data
 Pie charts; pictograms, bar graphs, line graphs
 Frequency histograms, ogive curves, stem and
leaf, box and whisker plots, Lorenz curve,
scatter plots etc
Statistical Inferences
 Estimation of Parameters/Confidence Interval
 This involves the approximation/estimation of
unknown population values using information
collected from sample data.
 Hypothesis Testing
 This is a systematic procedure of checking
whether a statement made in relation to a
population value is correct on not.
Fields of application of Statistics
Demography
 The collection and analysis of figures relating to

population, birth, deaths, marriages and migration.


Economic Statistics
 The study of figures of trade, prices, production,

employment, savings, national income etc.


Biometrics
 Involves the analysis of experiments in study of

crop yields, soil fertility, genetics etc.


Fields of application of Statistics
Cont’
Commercial Statistics
 Concerned with market researches, sales statistics,

price movements, product and materials availability


or business forecasting
Psychological Statistics
 Deals with the measurement of associations in

reaction, characteristics etc; measurement of


intelligence, aptitude, selection for employment,
assessment of proneness to accidents, motivation
research etc.
 .
Fields of application of Statistics
Cont’
Medical Statistics
 Deals with the study of incidence and

causation of diseases, significance of use of


drugs, study of curative methods in relation to
controls.
Humanitarian and development sector
(where do you use Statistics?)
Some keys terms and definitions
in Statistics
Population
 It is the entire collection of all the data of a

particular type in which the decision maker is


interested.
Sample
 Is a segment or portion (subset) of a population

which can be used for inference on the entire


population
Sample Frame
 A list of the whole population from which

items can be selected to form a sample e.g. a


list of people with land line phones and the
directory becomes a sample frame.
Sampling
 Is a process or method of choosing the

elements to include in a sample from a sample


frame.
Parameter
 Is a measure that pertains to the population or

it can be defined as any characteristic of a


population, which is measurable e.g.  for
mean  standard deviation
Statistic
 Is a measure that pertains to a sample

 We use a statistic calculated from a sample to

estimate a related population parameter.


Variable
 Is an item of interest that can take many

different numerical values.


The End

 Thank You

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