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Subnetting & CIDR: Tahir Azim

The document discusses subnetting and CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing). It explains that subnetting allows hierarchical routing by using a subnet mask to split an IP address into a subnet ID and host ID. CIDR introduces prefix notation to describe blocks of IP addresses and allows route aggregation to reduce routing table sizes. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to find the first address, last address, and number of addresses within an IP block defined by a CIDR prefix.

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61 views

Subnetting & CIDR: Tahir Azim

The document discusses subnetting and CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing). It explains that subnetting allows hierarchical routing by using a subnet mask to split an IP address into a subnet ID and host ID. CIDR introduces prefix notation to describe blocks of IP addresses and allows route aggregation to reduce routing table sizes. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to find the first address, last address, and number of addresses within an IP block defined by a CIDR prefix.

Uploaded by

addy_khan81
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Subnetting & CIDR

Tahir Azim

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Announcements
• Participate in NASCON, FAST-NU Islamabad
• Assignment 1 deadline extended to Tuesday
due to no BIT-7 classes on Monday
• From last time:
– Packet bursting: An approach to increasing the speed
of 802.11g-based wireless networks by unwrapping
short 802.11g packets and rebundling them into a
larger packet to reduce the impact of mandatory gaps
between packets (jwire.com)

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Subnetting
• Subnetting is a form of hierarchical routing.
• Subnets are usually represented via an address
plus a subnet mask or “netmask”.
• e.g.
[email protected] > ifconfig hme0
hme0: flags=863<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu
1500
inet 171.64.15.82 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 171.64.15.255

• Netmask ffffff00: the first 24 bits are the subnet ID,


and the last 8 bits are the host ID.
• Can also be represented by a “prefix + length”, e.g.
171.64.15.0/24, or just 171.64.15/24.
Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim
(NIIT)
Subnetting

2 14 16
CLASS “B”
10 Net ID Host-ID
e.g. Company

2 14 16 2 14 16
e.g. Site 10 Net ID 0000 Host-ID 10 Net ID 1111 Host-ID

Subnet ID (20) Subnet


Host ID (12)
Subnet ID (20) Subnet
Host ID (12)

2 14 16 2 14 16

e.g. Dept 10 Net ID 000000 Host-ID 10 Net ID 1111011011 Host-ID

Subnet ID (22) Subnet


Host ID (10)
Subnet ID (26) Subnet
Host ID (6)

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Routing in the presence of subnets
• The rest of the
Internet is not aware
of subnets within a
network
• Levels: site, subnet,
host
• Routing now involves
delivery to the site,
then the subnet and
finally the host

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Example of subnetting
To: cenic.net
hpr1-rtr 171.64.1.131 171.64.74.0/24
171.64.1.132/30
171.64.1.133

171.64.1.161 171.64.1.178 171.64.74.1


Class B
Address bbr2-rtr Gates-rtr
171.64.1.160/27 171.64.74.58
171.64.0.0/16
AS 32 EndHost
171.64.1.152
171.64.1.144/28
To: cogentco.com
border2-rtr 171.64.1.148

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Addressing
 The IP address space is broken into line segments, or blocks
 e.g. Block of 2 addresses, block of 128 addresses etc.
 Each block is described by a prefix.
 A prefix is of the form x/y where x indicates the prefix of all addresses
in the block, and y indicates the length of the prefix.
 e.g. The prefix 128.9/16 represents the block containing addresses in
the range: 128.9.0.0 … 128.9.255.255.

128.9.0.0
142.12/19
65/8
128.9/16

0 232-1
2 16

128.9.16.14
Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim
(NIIT)
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Addressing

128.9.19/24
128.9.25/24

128.9.16/20 128.9.176/20

128.9/16

0 232-1

128.9.16.14

Most specific route = “longest matching prefix”

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Addressing

Prefix aggregation:
 If a service provider serves two organizations with
prefixes, it can (sometimes) aggregate them to form a
shorter prefix. Other routers can refer to this shorter
prefix, and so reduce the size of their address table.
 E.g. ISP serves 128.9.14.0/24 and 128.9.15.0/24, it
can tell other routers to send it all packets belonging
to the prefix 128.9.14.0/23.
ISP Choice:
 In principle, an organization can keep its prefix if it
changes service providers.

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Size of the Routing Table at
the core of the Internet

Source: http://www.cidr-report.org/

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Prefix Length Distribution
100000
Number of entries

80000
60000
40000
20000
0

8 11 14 17 20 23
Prefix length (bits)
Source: Geoff Huston, Jan 2006

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Examples

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Finding the first address
• What is the first address in the block if one of the
addresses is 167.199.170.82/27?

• Solution: The prefix length is 27, which means


that we must keep the first 27 bits as is and
change the remaining bits (5) to 0s. The
following shows the process:

Address in binary: 10100111 11000111 10101010 01010010


Keep the left 27 bits: 10100111 11000111 10101010 01000000
Result in CIDR notation: 167.199.170.64/27

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Finding the first address
• What is the first address in the block if one of the
addresses is 140.120.84.24/20?

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Finding the last address in the
block
• To the first address, add the number of
addresses, minus one
• OR
• Set all bits that are not part of the CIDR
prefix to 1

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Example
• Find the number of addresses in the block
if one of the addresses is
140.120.84.24/20.
• Solution: The prefix length is 20. The
number of addresses in the block is 232−20
or 212 or 4096. Note that this is a large
block with 4096 addresses.

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)
Example 2
• Find the last address in the block if one of the
addresses is 140.120.84.24/20.

• Solution
– We found in the previous examples that the first
address is 140.120.80.0/20 and the number of
addresses is 4096. To find the last address, we need
to add 4095 (4096 − 1) to the first address.
– Or, set all bits that are not part of the CIDR prefix to 1
• 140.120.(0101 1111)2. (1111 1111)2 = 140.120.95.255

Courtesy Nick McKeown (Stanford), Umar Kalim


(NIIT)

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