Basics of Thermodynamics
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Yeditha Satyanarayana MurthyBasics of Thermodynamics
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Yeditha Satyanarayana MurthyWORK DONE
NUMERICALS
To a closed system 150 kJ of work is supplied. If the
initial volume is 0.6 m3 and pressure of the system
changes as p = 8 – 4V, where p is in bar and V is in m3,
determine the final volume and pressure of the system
Ans:Final volume, V2 = 0.354 m3.
final pressure, p2 == 6.584 bar = 6.584 × 105 N/m2 or Pa.
JOULE’S EXPERIMENT- FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYUNAMICS
W/ Q= J=4.18=Joules/ Calories
WORK AND HEAT
NUMERICALS
A cylinder contains 1 kg of a certain fluid at an initial pressure of 20 bar.
The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly behind a piston according to a
law pV2 = constant until the volume is doubled. The fluid is then cooled
reversibly at constant pressure until the piston regains its original
position ; heat is then supplied reversibly with the piston firmly locked in
position until the pressure rises to the original value of 20 bar. Calculate
the net work done by the fluid, for an initial volume of 0.05 m3.
Ans:25000 Nm.
FLTD FOR PROCESS
dQ= dE+ dW
dQ= dU+ d(KE)+d(PE) + d(Rotational Energy)+ d(Spin energy) +---- dW
But neglecting the d(KE)+d(PE) + d(Rotational Energy)+ d(Spin energy)
+----
We have
dQ= dU+ dW for closed system
dQ= dH+ dW for open system
NUMERICALS
A cylinder contains 0.45 m3 of a gas at 1 × 105 N/m2 and 80°C. The gas
is compressed to a volume of 0.13 m3, the final pressure being 5 × 105
N/m2. Determine :
(i) The mass of gas ;
(ii) The value of index ‘n’ for compression ;
(iii) The increase in internal energy of the gas ;
(iv) The heat received or rejected by the gas during compression.
Take γ = 1.4, R = 294.2 J/kg°C.
[Ans:dU=49.9 kJ., W=– 67.44 kJ, Q=– 17.54 kJ
2) Air at 1.02 bar, 22°C, initially occupying a cylinder volume of 0.015
m3, is compressed reversibly and adiabatically by a piston to a pressure
of 6.8 bar. Calculate :
(i) The final temperature ;
(ii) The final volume
(iii) The work done.
3) 0.44 kg of air at 180°C expands adiabatically to three times its
original volume and during the process, there is a fall in temperature to
15°C. The work done during the process is 52.5 kJ. Calculate cp and cv.
4)A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes
through a complete cycle of four processes. The sum of all heat
transferred during a cycle is – 340 kJ. The system completes 200 cycles
per min. Complete the following table showing the method for each
item, and compute the net rate of work output in kW.
5) A closed system of constant volume experiences a temperature rise of
25°C when a certain process occurs. The heat transferred in the
process is 30 kJ. The specific heat at constant volume for the pure
substance comprising the system is 1.2 kJ/kg°C, and the system
contains 2.5 kg of this substance. Determine :
(i) The change in internal energy ;
(ii) The work done
6) A fluid system undergoes a non-flow frictionless process following
the pressure-volume relation as p =5/V + 1.5 where p is in bar and V is
in m . During the process the volume changes from 0.15 m3 to 0.05 m3
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and the system rejects 45 kJ of heat. Determine :
(i) Change in internal energy ;
(ii) Change in enthalpy.
7) The properties of a system, during a reversible constant pressure nonflow
process at p = 1.6 bar, changed from v1 = 0.3 m3/kg, T1 = 20°C to v2 = 0.55
m3/kg, T2 = 260°C. The specific heat of the fluid is given by
cp = 1.5+ 75/ T+ 45 kJ/kg°C, where T is in °C.
Determine : (i) Heat added/kg ; (ii) Work done/kg ;
(iii) Change in internal energy/kg ; (iv) Change in enthalpy/kg.
8) 0.2 m of air at 4 bar and 130°C is contained in a system. A reversible
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adiabatic expansion takes place till the pressure falls to 1.02 bar. The gas is
then heated at constant pressure till enthalpy increases by 72.5 kJ.
Calculate :(i) The work done ; (ii) The index of expansion, if the above
processes are replaced by a single reversible polytropic process giving the
same work between the same initial and final states. Take cp = 1 kJ/kg K, cv =
0.714 kJ/kg
9) 10 kg of fluid per minute goes through a reversible steady flow
process. The properties of fluid at the inlet are : p1 = 1.5 bar, 1 = 26
kg/m , C1 = 110 m/s and u1 = 910 kJ/kg and at the exit are p2 = 5.5 bar,
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2 = 5.5 kg/m3, C2 = 190 m/s and u2 = 710 kJ/kg. During the passage,
the fluid rejects 55 kJ/s and rises through 55 metres. Determine :
(i) The change in enthalpy ( h) ;(ii) Work done during the process (W).
10) In a gas turbine unit, the gases flow through the turbine is 15 kg/s
and the power developed by the turbine is 12000 kW. The enthalpies of
gases at the inlet and outlet are 1260 kJ/kg and 400 kJ/kg respectively,
and the velocity of gases at the inlet and outlet are 50 m/s and 110 m/s
respectively. Calculate : (i) The rate at which heat is rejected to the
turbine, and (ii) The area of the inlet pipe given that the specific volume
of the gases at the inlet is 0.45 m /kg.
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STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION-
FLTD
APPLICATIONS:
NOZZLE : Q=0 , PE=0,W=0, d(KE) =dH
TURBINE: Q=0,PE=0, KE=0 dW(positive)= dH
HEAT EXCHANGER(BOILER) : W=0,PE=0,KE=0 , dQ=dH
THROTTLING : H1=H2 =dh=0
COMPRESSOR: Q=0,PE=0, KE=0, -dW(negative) = dH
NUMERICALS-STEADY FLOW ENERGY
EQUATION-FLTD
1)In a steam plant, 1 kg of water per second is supplied to the boiler.
The enthalpy and velocity of water entering the boiler are 800 kJ/kg
and 5 m/s. The water receives 2200 kJ/kg of heat in the boiler at
constant pressure. The steam after passing through the turbine comes
out with a velocity of 50 m/s, and its enthalpy is 2520 kJ/kg. The inlet is
4 m above the turbine exit. Assuming the heat losses from the boiler
and the turbine to the surroundings are20 kJ/s, calculate the power
developed by the turbine. Consider the boiler and turbine as single
system.
[458.8 kW. (Ans.)]
2) The working fluid, in a steady flow process flows at a rate of 220
kg/min. The fluid rejects 100 kJ/s passing through the system. The
conditions of the fluid at inlet and outlet are given as : C1 = 320 m/s, p1
= 6.0 bar, u1 = 2000 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.36 m3/kg and C2 =140 m/s, p2 = 1.2
bar, u2 = 1400 kJ/kg, v2 = 1.3 m3/kg. The suffix 1 indicates the condition
at inlet and 2 indicates at outlet of the system. Determine the power
capacity of the system in MW.The change in potential energy may be
neglected.
[2.4718 MW. (Ans.)]
3) A stream of gases at 7.5 bar, 750°C and 140 m/s is passed through a
turbine of a jet engine. The stream comes out of the turbine at 2.0 bar,
550°C and 280 m/s. The process may be assumed adiabatic. The
enthalpies of gas at the entry and exit of the turbine are 950 kJ/kg and
650 kJ/kg of gas respectively. Determine the capacity of the turbine if
the gas flow is 5 kg/s.[1353 kW. (Ans.)]
PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
SUPER HEAT
0<x < 1 ZONE/STEAM
WET STEAM
X=0
X=1
P=3bar
T=250degc
Hsup
H
P=3BAR
X=0.9 X=1.0
S sup S
NUMERICALS – STEAM PROPERTIES
1)Determine enthalpy, specific volume, entropy for mixture of 10% quality at
0.15 MPa.
2) Determine internal energy of steam if its enthalpy, pressure and specific
volumes are 2848 kJ/kg, 12MPa and 0.017 m3/kg.
3) Determine entropy of 5 kg of steam at 2 MPa and 300°C. Take specific heat
of super heated steam as 2.1 kJ/kg.K.
4) In a piston-cylinder arrangement the steam at 1.0 MPa, 80% dryness
fraction, and 0.05 m3 volume is heated to increase its volume to 0.2 m3 at
constant pressure. Determine the heat added
5) Find the specific volume, enthalpy and internal energy of wet steam at 18 bar,
dryness fraction 0.85.
6) Find the dryness fraction, specific volume and internal energy of steam at 7
bar and enthalpy 2550 kJ/kg.
7) Calculate the internal energy per kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 10
bar and a temperature of 300°C. Also find the change of internal energy if this
steam is expanded to 1.4 bar and dryness fraction 0.8.
8) Find the internal energy of 1 kg of steam at 20 bar when
(i) it is superheated, its temperature being 400°C ;
(ii) it is wet, its dryness being 0.9.
Assume superheated steam to behave as a perfect gas from the commencement
of superheating and thus obeys Charle’s law. Specific heat for steam = 2.3 kJ/kg
K.
9) Steam enters an engine at a pressure 10 bar absolute and 400°C. It is
exhausted at 0.2 bar. The steam at exhaust is 0.9 dry. Find :
(i) Drop in enthalpy ;
(ii) Change in entropy.
10) Find the entropy of 1 kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 12
bar and a temperature of 250°C. Take specific heat of superheated
steam as 2.1 kJ/kg K
11) Two boilers one with superheater and other without superheater
are delivering equal quantities of steam into a common main. The
pressure in the boilers and main is 20 bar. The temperature of steam
from a boiler with a superheater is 350°C and temperature of
the steam in the main is 250°C.
