IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROPROCESSOR

VINDHYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SCIENCE

Session July-Dec.-2010
A Industrial training report submitted to
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya
Bhopal (M. P.)
In partial fulfillment of awarding the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY :

PROF.VISHAL SHARMA SHUBHAM GUPTA
PRASHANT
PANDEY
RAJESH RATHOR
ABHISHEK RAGHUVANSHI
 INTRODUCTION
The project represents a design and FPGA
implemenatation of 16 bit microprocessor
core,so called “MIB-16” using VHDL.The
microprocessor can directly acess to the
memory which consists of 16 bit words
addressed by a 16 bit word adress.Instruc
tions are all multiple of 16 bit words,and a
condition code store.The frequency of
microprocessor can execute 16 instructions
such as add,sub,devide,load and store.
 16 BIT MICROPROCESSOR

16 bit A microprocessor is designed to perform

arithmetic and logic operations that make use of
small number-holding areas called registers.
Typical microprocessor operations include adding,
subtracting, comparing two numbers, and fetching
numbers from one area to another micrprocessor
has got 16-bit data bus
it has 16 bit adress bus also. in 8 bit
microprocessor the data bus is of 8 bit and address
bus is of 16-bit it has 64 kb of memory.
 features
 It is a 16 bit processor.It’s ALU,internal
registers works with 16 bit binary word
 Ithas 16 bit data bus.It can read or writes 16
bits or 8 bit at time
 It has 20 bit of address bus which means 2 to
the powre 20=1 MB memory
 Frequency range is 6-10Mhz
 Concluson
VHDL is a hardware description language for delineating
digital electronic systems. It arose out of the US government's
Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program
VHDL is now used worldwide as a tool for designing digital
systems in many application areas. VHDL is designed to fill a
number of needs in the design flow
A 16 bit microprocessor so called MIB 16 is designed using
VHDL and also implemented on Xilinx .Simulation and
implementation tools used are Xilinx ISE 6.3i and model sim
6.0.There were some limitations encountered during the
uploading and testing of the processor due to evolution
capacity and limitation
 Simulation and implementation
 A Simulation is the manipulation of a model
in such a way that it operates on time or space
to compress it, thus enabling one to perceive
the interactions that would not otherwise be
apparent because of their separation in time or
space.

 Implementation is the realization of an

application, or execution of a plan, idea,
model, design, specification, standard,
algorithm, or policy.
 Basic procedure
 implementation of 16-bit microprocessor.
 In this project we design 16–bit ALU and implement
in FPGA .we use VHDL coding simulation and
syntheses by use of Xilinx 8.1 version. In the 16-bit
microprocessor different part design such as-
CPU,ALU, Control unit, comparator unit, shift register
,the register ,and address register, different part of 16-
bit microprocessor is separately programmed, simulate
and synthesis, this project is also implement on FPGA-
Field Programmable Gate Array.
 Simulating a cpu
 Simulating the CPU design is different from
most other entities because the CPU design
doesn’t need much outside stimulus. The
memory device provides the input data for the
CPU much as a stimulus file would for other
entities. The CPU reads its program from the
memory device. The CPU need only have the
clk signal and reset signal stimulated properly,
and the CPU reads and executes instructions
from that point forward
 Steps for simulating
 I step-
The first step in simulating the CPU is to
compile all the files that make up the design
into a format that the simulator can use. The
compiled format is loaded into the simulator,
and the simulation is executed . The first step
in compiling all of the files in the design is to
create one or more libraries to store the
compiled data
 II STEP
 After the library has been created, the VHDL
source files for the design can be compiled into the
target library. To compile each of the files, the
VCOM command must be run either from the GUI
(Graphical User Interface) or from the command line.
Most of the operations of the simulator have a GUI
method of performing the command line command.
This allows casual users users to effectively use the
simulator
 LOGIC OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES
 With the advent of logic synthesis, one of the biggest
challenges faced by the EDA industry was to find the
best net list representation of the given design
description
 Based on circuit representation
Two-level logic optimization
Multi-level logic optimization
 Based on circuit characteristics
Sequential logic optimization
Combinational logic optimization
 VHDL
Introduction to VHDL
VHDL is Hardware Description Language VHSIC
stands for Very High Speed Integrated Circuits). It is
a hardware description language that can be used to
model a digital system at many levels of abstraction
ranging from the algorithmic level to the gate level.
The complexity of the digital system being modeled
could vary from that of a simple gate to a complete
digital electronic system, or anything in between.
 Capabilities of VHDL
 1. The language can be used as an exchange medium between chip vender
and CAD tool users. Different chip venders can provide VHDL description
of their components to system designers. CAD tool users can use it to
capture the behavior of the design at a high level of abstraction for
functional simulation.
 2. The language can also be used as a communication medium between
different CAD and CAM tools.
 3. The language supports hierarchy i.e. a digital system can be modeled as
a set of interconnected sub-components.
 4. The language is not technology specific, but is capable of supporting
different technologies. I
 5. It supports both synchronous and asynchronous timing models.
 6. It is an IEEE and ANSI STANDARD; therefore, models described in
this language are portable.
 Why VHDL
VHDL model cannot be implemented in real
time application directly like other procedural
languages. It is simulated and synthesized
using in built system clock. In procedural
languages the right hand side value is assigned
to the left hand side value as soon as the
statement is executed. In VHDL there is an
advantage that the computed value can be
assigned to a signal after any time delay
 VHDL over c/c++
 VHDL is a parallel language, while C/C++ are
sequential languages. Each statement
occurring in VHDL is executed concurrently,
while in C/C++ each statement is executed
sequentially and at its own turns. In VHDL
explicit constructs exist for explicit sequential
steps.
 Procedure
 To describe an entity, VHDL provides five
different types of primary constructs, called"
design units. They are
 1. Entity declaration
 2. Architecture body
 3. Configuration declaration
 4. Package declaration
 5. Package body
 General Applications
 ) Traffic light controller
 Aviation for weather monitoring and control of various complex functions
of an airplane.
 VCR's, Gaming consoles, PC, Televisions, mobiles use microprocessor for
executing complex tasks and instructions.
 Home security systems, various bank and military security services.
 Used in Signal processing (for e.g DSP's are microprocessors specially
designed for signal processing applications)
 Used in industries for controlling motors, complex manufacturing
machines and processes.
 Used in Robotics (for performing various actions according to the
instruction given)
 Used in calculators for performing various mathematical tasks
 Importence
The internal parts like registers and ALU use data
in 8-bits in a 8 nit processor and so in a 16 bit
and 32 bit processor the use 32 bit data.....the
BUS which carries data from one part of a
proceesor to another has 8-lines in a 8 bit
processor,16 lines in a 16 bit and 32lines ina 32
bit one.....because all these bits have to be
transmitted simultaneously.
 Important application
 Application
 Microprocessors are typically used in either reactive
or embedded systems.
 Reactive systems are those that have an ongoing interaction
with their environment - for example, a fire-control system
that constantly reacts to buttons pressed by a pilot.
 Real-time systems are those in which timeliness is as
important as the correctness of the outputs, although
this does NOT mean that they have to be �fast
systems�.
 Concluson
VHDL is a hardware description language for
delineating digital electronic systems. It arose out of
the US government's Very High Speed Integrated
Circuits (VHSIC) program
VHDL is now used worldwide as a tool for designing
digital systems in many application areas. VHDL is
designed to fill a number of needs in the design flow
A 16 bit microprocessor so called MIB 16 is designed
using VHDL and also implemented on Xilinx
.Simulation and implementation tools used are Xilinx
ISE 6.3i and model siThere were some limitations
encountered during the uploading and testing of the
processor due to evolution capacity and limitation