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CPPC 9/9L Bs Cpe-3: Introduction To Microcontroller Based Systems (A First Course in Computer Architecture)

This document provides an overview of computer architecture and early computing technologies. It discusses the abacus, Pascal's mechanical calculator, Charles Babbage's analytical engine, Boolean algebra, the von Neumann architecture, early microprocessors like the 4004, and differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers. Students are assigned to research and define what a Turing machine is and how it executes programs.

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Kenneth Siena
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63 views13 pages

CPPC 9/9L Bs Cpe-3: Introduction To Microcontroller Based Systems (A First Course in Computer Architecture)

This document provides an overview of computer architecture and early computing technologies. It discusses the abacus, Pascal's mechanical calculator, Charles Babbage's analytical engine, Boolean algebra, the von Neumann architecture, early microprocessors like the 4004, and differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers. Students are assigned to research and define what a Turing machine is and how it executes programs.

Uploaded by

Kenneth Siena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

CPPC 9/9L 1

CPPC 9/9L BS CPE-


3

Introduction to Microcontroller Based Systems


(A first course in computer architecture)

9/1/2020
A Basic Overview of Computer
2
Architecture
 For your reference you can find much of this
information on Wikipedia.
 But can you trust wikipedia?

 When was the first computer created?????

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020


Early computing technology
3

 Early computing could be traced back to the abacus.


When was the abacus in use?
 Around 2700 B.C.

 In the mid 1600’s Blaise Pascal designed and


implemented a mechanical calculator.

 Note: Today we use voltage level to represent a logical


TRUE and FALSE. There is no reason that the
physical position of a mechanical component cannot do
the same thing.

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020


A little more modern
4

 Charles Babbage 1792-1871


 The Difference Engine
 The Difference Engine 2
 Basically a programmable calculator
 Calculated artillery tables
 The Analytic Engine – a more advanced machine
 Used punch cards for input
 A precursor to the modern computer

 Boole 1815-1864
 Boolean Algebra

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020


Still, a little more modern
5

 The von Neumann


architecture – 1940s
and 50s
 A stored-program
computer that uses a
central processing unit
and a single separate
storage structure that
hold both instructions
and data.

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020


Basic operation of architecture
6

 Instructions are executed in


sequence
 First step during execution
 MEM(PC)  IR
 Send contents of PC (Program
counter) to memory
 Memory responds with the
contents at that address placing
it on the data bus.
 Increment the PC
(PC+1->PC)
 The values on the data bus are
loaded into the instruction
register

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020


Decode Instruction and execute
7

 Say the instruction was


a load immediate
 This means that the next
word in the instruction
stream is the data that
we want loaded into the
accumulator
 Operation is now
 MEM(PC) Accum
 Also increment the PC
 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020
More von Neumann
8

 Earliest computers had fixed programs – such as a desk


calculator
 The von Neumann architecture introduced the concept
of a stored program. In fact, in early computers, they
often wrote programs that self modified.
 Self-modifying code is now seen as a very bad
programming practice (also, it really isn’t needed).
 von Neumann’s was very familiar with Alan Turing’s
(1912-1954) work – the Turing Machine (1936).
 Both von Neumann and Turing wrote papers on stored
program computers.

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020


Some Early von Neumann
9
architectures
 ORDVAC (U of Ill) - 1951
 IAS machine (Princeton) - 1952
 MANIAC I (Las Alamos) - 1952
 ILLIAC (U of Ill) - 1952
 AVIDAC (Argonne National Labs) – 1953
 ORACLE at Oak Ridge Ntl Lab– 1953
 JOHNNIAC at RAND Corp – 1954
 BESK in Stockholm – 1953
 PERM in Munich - 1956
 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020
Early Microprocessors
10

 The Intel 4004 – 1971


 16-pin DIP package
 92,000 instructions per sec
 10.8 microseconds per instruction
 Processor had a small address space for data and a small
address space for instructions
 Designed for use in calculators
 Was the core element for the early electronic calculators –
early calculators did basic arithmetic.
 Early microprocessors were often programmed in assembler
or machine code. Compilers and many modern high level
programming languages just didn’t exist.

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020


The Harvard Architecture
11

 In the traditional von Neumann architecture


memory holds both programs and data
 In the Harvard Architecture you have separate
memory spaces for data and programs. (term that
came into use during the late 1990s)

 This is not really a new concept as the 4004 had


separate data and program memory address spaces.

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020


Microprocessor vs.
12
Microcontroller
 Basically a features issue.
 Microprocessor – (the physical processor chip)
 Composed of control unit, register, arithmetic and logic units
 NO Memory, MaybeTimers, No direct external I/O ports
 Does have pins for a data bus and an address bus
 When implemented in a PC, add a keyboard for input, a monitor, a mouse, a
printer, etc.
 Mircocontroller
 Central core of microprocessor but limited capabilities in regards to registers,
memory size, and speed.
 On board memory
 Several Timers
 I/O configurable ports
 In implementation, may or may not have a keyboard, rather a keypad/switches
for input or other types of control, often does not have monitor

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020


Assignment
13

 What is a Turing machine?


 Ass1 - Write up what a Turing machine is and how
a Turing Machine executes a program. (submit to
our Google Classroom)
 There are many sources for this assignment
 Google web search
 Wikipedia
 eLibrary

 Joanne E. DeGroat, OSU CPPC 9/9L 9/1/2020

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