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Modelling: - A Model Is A Simplified Representation of

1. Modelling involves creating simplified representations of actual processes to investigate certain aspects. 2. Models can be physical or mathematical, with physical modelling reproducing the real process on a small scale and mathematical modelling representing the process using equations. 3. The classification of mathematical models includes lumped vs distributed parameter models, static vs dynamic models, and rigid vs probabilistic models based on how variables change with time and space and whether determinism or probability is considered.

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CH126 Dhruv Sonani
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130 views23 pages

Modelling: - A Model Is A Simplified Representation of

1. Modelling involves creating simplified representations of actual processes to investigate certain aspects. 2. Models can be physical or mathematical, with physical modelling reproducing the real process on a small scale and mathematical modelling representing the process using equations. 3. The classification of mathematical models includes lumped vs distributed parameter models, static vs dynamic models, and rigid vs probabilistic models based on how variables change with time and space and whether determinism or probability is considered.

Uploaded by

CH126 Dhruv Sonani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Modelling

• A model is a simplified representation of


– Those aspect of an actual process that are
being investigate
• The flow of information is broken down
into two stages
• 1. The model is compared with the real process
and if gives good agreement with experiment.
• 2. The expectations are compared with the
indications of the model.
Modelling
• Modelling is sub divided into two groups:
– Physical modelling
– Mathematical modelling
• Physical modelling:
– Real process is reproduced physically on a small
scale.
– The experiments are performed directly on real
process.
– Experimental data collected are reduced to
relation ship involving dimensionless numbers.
Physical modelling:

• Dimensionless no:
– Various combination of physical properties
and linear dimensions.
– Derived from dimensional analysis or
differential equations.
• Similarity criteria:
– The real process are modeled on
progressively increasing scale with linear
dimensions scaled up in proportion:
– Geometric Similarity
– Kinematic Similarity
– Dynamic Similarity
Physical modelling:

• Advantages of Physical modelling:


– For single flow system:
• For relatively simple system
• Involving limited number of Similarity criteria
• Disadvantages of Physical modelling:
• If system is complex
• If it involves large no of Similarity criteria
• So physical modeling is useful in analysis
of deterministic process
Physical modelling:
• Deterministic process:
– Out put variable are related to input variable
– Can be described by classical or numerical
method
• Stochastic process:
– Out put variable are not related to input
variable
– Can be described by static or probability
theory.
Mathematical modelling:
• Qualitative or Quantitative representation
of real process in the form of mathematical
symbol.
– Scheme is described by mathematical
formulation
– A good model is one which represent all
essential or important factor affecting the
system behavior
– Must not be crowded with secondary factors
Mathematical modelling:
• Depending upon the nature of system
– Finite or differential equation or both can be used
• Proper algorithm is developed to solve the
mathematical equation
– In the form of relationship between defined
process variable for set of any value
• Model is then tested by comparing the
system behavior predicted by model
– With the data obtained by experimental or real
process
Mathematical modeling:
• Mathematical modeling can be
represented into three steps:
• Mathematical formulation
• Development of algorithm for the process
• Testing the model and the solution derived
from it
• Model is simulated on a computer rather
than a real process or plant as in the case
of Physical modelling
Mathematical modelling:
• Advantages of Mathematical modelling:
– This involves the simulation of a process on a
computer so changing interlinked variable
would give better output
– All promising alternatives can be simulated to
get a optimum model
– The process can be optimized in short time
Advantages of Mathematical
modelling:
• Mathematical modelling is economical
• Less time consuming than the physical
modelling
• This also uses the Principal of different
analogies like
– Energy,
– Heat,
– Mass,
– Thermal transport
Important Definition
• Dependent variable:
– These are the quantities describing system
which varied when independent variable
changes
• Independent variable:
– These are the quantities describing system
which can be varied independently variable
changes.
Important Definition
• The relationship between dependent & In
dependent is that of cause and effect
• Independent variable measure the cause
• Dependent variable measure the effect
• Parameter:
• The quantities which remain constant during
experiment
• But can have different value for different
experiments or system
Important Definition
• Boundary conditions
– In heat transfer When time is the independent
variable
• The boundary condition is frequently called initial condition
• It specifies the starting state of apparatus.
– Three most frequent used B.C in H.T. are:
1. Boundary at a fixed temperature T = T0
2. (a) Constant heat flow rate through Boundary:
dt/dx = A (constant) [isothermal condition]
(b) Boundary thermally insulated
dt/dx = 0 [adiabatic condition]
3. Boundary cools to the surrounding through film
Classification of
Mathematical modelling:
Mathematical
Modelling

Variation of
Independent State of the process Type of the process
Variable
Classification of
Mathematical modelling:
Variation of
Independent
Variable

Lumped
Distributed
Parameter model
Parameter model
Classification of
Mathematical modelling:
• Based on Variation of Independent
Variable:
– Lumped Parameter model [LP]
• The basic process variables vary with only time
• Formulated as ordinary differential equation
– Distributed Parameter model [DP]
• The basic process variables vary with both time
and space
• Formulated as partial differential equation
Classification of
Mathematical modelling:

State of the process

Dynamic Model
Static Model Complete
(unsteady-state)
(steady-state) mathematical model
Classification of
Mathematical modelling:
• Based on State of the process :
– Static model: [ S.S. model ]
• Ignores the changes in process variable with time
– Dynamic model: [ U.S.S. model ]
• Establishing relationships between its main
variables as they change with time
Classification of
Mathematical modelling:
• Complete mathematical model combines
the following:
– The basic process variable
– relationships between the basic process
variables under static or steady state
conditions
– Constraints
– Optimally criteria
– Objective function
– relationships between the basic process
variables under dynamic or un steady state
Classification of
Mathematical modelling:

Type of the process

Probabilistic
Rigid model
(stochastic model)
Classification of
Mathematical modelling:
• Based on Type of the process :
– Rigid Model [ Deterministic Model]
• Usually describe deterministic process without the
use of probability distribution.
– Stochastic Model [ Probabilistic Model]
• Usually describe Stochastic (random) process this
uses the probability distribution.
– Model is Analytical or Numerical depending
on whether solution is obtained Analytically or
Numerically.
Overview of Modelling
• Chemical Engineering basic principles and
the generalized approach of the same
would be applied here to develop a model.
• The models for chemical engineering
systems are divided into four groups:
– Models in mass-transfer operations,
– Models in heat-transfer operations,
– Models in fluid-flow operations,
– Models in reaction engineering.
Overview of Modelling
• Mathematical techniques are used here for
solving the model equations developed
– Algebraic equations,
– Ordinary differential equations,
– Partial differential equations,
– Finite difference equations,
– Laplace transformations
– Solution by series or method of frobenius,
– Bessel equations, etc.

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