Reproduction and Growth

Reproduction and Growth
Plant Physiology
• Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the
functioning, or physiology, of plants.
• Plant physiology serves as the theoretical basis for increasing the total
productivity of plants
• Improving their nutritional value, and raising the quality of their tissues
and organs for use in industry.
• It provides a thorough understanding of normal body function, enabling
more effective treatment of abnormal or disease states.
Reproduction
• Plant reproduction is the production of new offspring in plants, which can be
accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces
offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically different from
the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the
fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except
when mutations occur.
Factor affecting reproduction
• the duration, intensity
• quality of light
• Temperature: In mosses, initiation of sex organs in bacteria-free

laboratory cultures of Funaria occurs at 10 °C (50 °F) when cultures are
illuminated 6, 12, or 20 hours daily.
• Example: The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha continues in the
vegetative state indefinitely under daily fluorescent illumination of 16
hours.
Plant structure
Structure Function
Sepals Protect the unopened flower
Petals May be brightly coloured to attract

insects
The male parts of the flower (each

Stamens consists of an anther held up on a
filament)
Anthers Produce male sex cells (pollen grains)
The top of the female part of the flower

Stigma which collects pollen grains
Produces the female sex cells

Ovary
(contained in the ovules)
Produce a sugary solution called

Nectary
nectar, which attracts insects
Male Gametophyte
Female Gametophyte
Pollination
• During plant reproduction, pollen grains need to move from the anther of one
flower to the stigma of another flower. This is called pollination. Insects can
pollinate flowers, and so can the wind. Insect-pollinated flowers are different
in structure from wind-pollinated flowers.
Asexual Reproduction
• Natural methods of asexual reproduction include strategies that plants have
developed to self-propagate. Many plants likes ginger, onion and dahlia can
continue to grow from buds that are present on the surface of the stem. In
some plants, such as the sweet potato, adventitious roots or runners can give
rise to new plants.
• There are also artificial asexual reproduction such as grafting, cutting, layering
and micropropagation.
GROWTH OF PLANT
• Growth in plants is defined as an irreversible increase in volume. The largest
component of plant growth is cell expansion driven by turgor pressure. During
this process, cells increase in volume many fold and become highly vacuolate.
However, size is only one criterion that may be used to measure growth.
• Growth also can be measured in terms of change in fresh weight that is, the
weight of the living tissue—over a particular period of time. However, the fresh
weight of plants growing in soil fl uctuates in response to changes in water
status, so this criterion may be a poor indicator of actual growth. In these
situations, measurements of dry weight are often more appropriate.
• Growth can be defi ned as an increase in volume or mass or cell number.
Several kinds of growth rates are used in plant physiology. The absolute growth
rate (g) is the time (t) rate of change in size (s)
WATER AND NUTRIENTS
Water and nutrients.
• plants use water to carry moisture and nutrients back and forth between
the roots and leaves. Water, as well as nutrients, is normally taken up
through the roots from the soil. This is why it’s important to water plants
when the soil becomes dry.
• Fertilizer also provides plants with nutrients and is usually given to

plants when watering. The most important nutrients for plants growing
needs are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Nitrogen is
necessary for making green leaves, phosphorus is needed for making big
flowers and strong roots, and potassium helps the plants fight off disease.
AIR AND SOIL
Air and Soil
• Anchor for plant roots and helps support the

plantsDirty air caused by smoke, gases, and other
pollutants can be harmful to plants, limiting their
ability to take in carbon dioxide from the air for
making food (photosynthesis). It can also block out
sunlight, which is also necessary for healthy plant
growth.
• Essential nutrients found in soil (from organic

matter and micro-organisms), soil provides an
anchor for plant roots and helps support the
plants.
LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE
Light and Temperature
• Light is used as energy for making food, a

process called photosynthesis.
• Most plants prefer cooler night time

temperatures and warmer day time
temperatures. Too hot and they may burn,
too cold and they will freeze.
Space and Time
SPACE AND TIME
• Overcrowded plants are also more likely to

suffer from diseases since airflow may be
limited.
• Most plants require a particular number of

days, months, or even years to produce
flowers and fruit.
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Reproduction and Growth

• Temperature: In mosses, initiation of sex organs in bacteria-free

Petals May be brightly coloured to attract

The male parts of the flower (each

Anthers Produce male sex cells (pollen grains)

The top of the female part of the flower

Produces the female sex cells

Produce a sugary solution called

• Fertilizer also provides plants with nutrients and is usually given to

• Anchor for plant roots and helps support the

• Essential nutrients found in soil (from organic

• Light is used as energy for making food, a

• Most plants prefer cooler night time

• Overcrowded plants are also more likely to

• Most plants require a particular number of

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