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Computer Architecture & Organization

A computer accepts data as input, stores and processes the data, and generates output. It has five main layers: 1) the information layer which records data using binary digits, 2) the hardware layer which includes physical components like the CPU, 3) the programming layer where software provides instructions for the hardware, 4) the operating system layer which manages computer resources, and 5) the application layer where specific programs perform tasks for users.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
79 views30 pages

Computer Architecture & Organization

A computer accepts data as input, stores and processes the data, and generates output. It has five main layers: 1) the information layer which records data using binary digits, 2) the hardware layer which includes physical components like the CPU, 3) the programming layer where software provides instructions for the hardware, 4) the operating system layer which manages computer resources, and 5) the application layer where specific programs perform tasks for users.

Uploaded by

christopher
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© © All Rights Reserved
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE &

ORGANIZATION
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

• An electronic device that accepts data and processes it into useful information is called a
Computer.
FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER

• Takes data as input.


• Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.
• Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
• Generates the output.
• Controls all the above four steps.
 
TYPES OF COMPUTER

 Super Computer
 a high-level performance computer to the general purpose.
 Used for scientific and engineering applications to handle extensive databases.
  Multicourse processors and Graphics processing unit (GPUs) are used
 supercomputer performs parallel processing.

Fugaku, Japan, is the the world's fastest


supercomputer 

PARAM-Siddhi AI
India's newest and fastest supercomputer,
TYPES OF COMPUTER

Mainframe Computer
mainly used in large organizations.
 introduced in the 1960s and developed by Seymour Cray,
used for complicated applications to process a large amount of data.
the vast computer and take space of the entire room or the whole floor.
run multiple operating systems at the same time.
used for online data storage, transaction process in banking and airlines etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTER

Mini Computer
 shorter than the mainframe computer in size.
developed in the mid of 1960s and developed by IBM Corporation
multi-user systems, where users can work simultaneously.
Perform time-sharing, batch processing, and online processing.
The size of mini computers range from 12 inches in width to less than 7,
 The tablet, PC, desktop mini-computers, cell phones, notebooks, high-end mp3
players, etc. are the types of mini-computers.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• Micro Computers
• The Hewlett-Packard (HP) developed the microcomputer in 1970.
• The microcomputer is also known as the device based on the single-chip microprocessor,
• computers are smaller than mainframe or mini-computer.
• The microcomputers contain the memory in the form of read-only memory (ROM), and random access
memory (RAM).
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
FIRST GENERATION

• The period of first generation was from 1946-1959.


• used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit).
• Batch processing operating system was used.
• Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices.
• used machine code as the programming language.
FIRST GENERATION

• The main features of the first generation are −


• Vacuum tube technology
• Unreliable
• Supported machine language only
• Very costly
• Generated a lot of heat
• Slow input and output devices
• Huge size
• Need of AC
• Non-portable
• Consumed a lot of electricity
FIRST GENERATION
• Some computers of this generation were −
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
• IBM-701
• IBM-650
SECOND GENERATION

• The period of second generation was from 1959-1965.


• transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more
reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
• magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices
SECOND GENERATION

• In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used.
• The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system
FEATURES OF SECOND GENERATION

• Use of transistors
• Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
• Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• AC required
• Supported machine and assembly languages
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS

• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600
• UNIVAC 1108
THIRD GENERATION

• The period of third generation was from 1965-1971.


• The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors.
• A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
THIRD GENERATION

• The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.


• This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.
• In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were
used.
• High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.)
were used during this generation.
FEATURES OF THIRD GENERATION

• IC used
• More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
• Smaller size
• Generated less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Costly
• AC required
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Supported high-level language
THIRD GENERATION- COMPUTERS

• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP (Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316
FOURTH GENERATION

• The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.


• Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
• VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
FOURTH GENERATION

• Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
• As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution.
• In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used.
• All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
FEATURES OF FOURTH GENERATION

• VLSI technology used


• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PCs
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing
• No AC required
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks
• Computers became easily available
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
FIFTH GENERATION

• The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date.


• VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology,
FEATURES OF FIFTH GENERATION

• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of Natural language processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

• Desktop
• Laptop
• NoteBook
• UltraBook
• ChromeBook
LAYER OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
LAYERS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

• layer 1: Information
• Information is recoded and managed using 0 and 1, two simplest digits.
• Zeros and ones are fundamental particles of the computing world, the way how computers record information.

• Layer 2: Hardware
• Hardware is like organs of human beings, supporting computers to carry out functions and be alive.
• Think about devices such as gates and circuits.
• They are “blood vessels”of computers which control the flow of electricity.
• Central Processing Unit and memory are more like head of the computers, giving out orders and keeping
information.
LAYERS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

• Layer 3: programming
• The programing layer is about software.
• The hardware of computers is capable of solving problems, or computing
• Software are solutions, or instructions for hardware to follow.
• First generation of softwares used machine language, or binary language–simply zeroes and
ones.
• high-level languages like Java to write programs that are much more user friendly.
LAYER OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

• Layer 4: Operating Systems


• operating systems were invented to help manage the resources of computers. Examples are windows,
Linux, Mac OX, Android, and IOS.Layer

• Layer 5: Application
• Applications are aggregation of distinct programs to solve a complicate problem.

• Layer 6: Communication
• The World Wide Web or Internet makes communication possible and easy.
• With Internet, it is not just one computer in front of us, but millions of computer all around the globe.

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