PHY150

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

CHAPTER 7

INDUCTION
Prepared by:
NSZ
Lecturer
Universiti Teknologi Mara Caw Pahang
Lesson Contents

• Electromagnetic Induction

 Magnetic Flux

 Faraday’s Law of Induction

 Lenz’s Law

• Generator

 emf Induced

• Self-inductance

 Energy Stored in an Inductor 2

LESSON OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

• define and use magnetic flux equation, ɸ = BA = BA cosθ.
• use Farady’s law experiment to explain induced emf.
• state and use the Faraday’s law and Lenz’s Law to determine
the direction of induced current.
• describe and apply self-inductance and mutual inductance.
• use the energy stored equation in an inductor, U = ½ LI2

3
INTRODUCTION: Electromagnetism Induction
• As we learn before, when a current flowing in a conductor,
such as a coil, produces a magnetic field.
• However, the reverse process of producing an electric current
using a magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction.
• Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Micheal Faraday.
• The discovery of electromagnetic induction led to the
generation of electrical energy that has brought huge benefits
to mankind.

• A transformer works on the

principles of electromagnetic
induction.
• Transformer is used to step up
or step down alternating
voltages and play an important
role in the transmission of
electricity.
4
Figure: www.cee.siemens.com
Michael Faraday
• 1791 – 1867.
• Great experimental
scientist.
• Invented electric motor,
generator and
transformers.
• Discovered
electromagnetic
induction.
• Discovered laws of
5
electrolysis.
 INTRODUCTION: Electromagnetism Induction

• The electromagnetic induction (EMI) occurs when:

1) There is a relative motion between an electric circuit and
the magnetic field lines.

 We have now seen that if

electrical current is flowing in a
conductor, there is an
associated magnetic field
created around the wire.
 In a similar manner, if we move
a wire inside a magnetic field
there will be an electrical
current that will be generated in
the wire.
Source:
www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/ele
ctroinduction.htm
6
 INTRODUCTION: Electromagnetism Induction

• The electromagnetic induction (EMI) occurs when:

2) There is a change in the current and magnetic field. This effect
is also known as mutual induction.

• The electric current produced in both

situations is called the induced
current and the corresponding e.m.f
required to cause this current is
called the induced e.m.f.
• The common factor in experiments
shown in figure before is that the
e.m.f. is induced when there is a
change in the number of magnetic
field lines through the circuit.
MAGNETIC FLUX!!!

7
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Definition:
• A phenomenon of production of an induced emf
or an induced emf or an induced current when
the magnetic flux through a circuit changes.

V =0

8
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Conclusion :

i. Induced emf/current will produce in coil when

the magnetic flux through the coil changes.

ii. The magnitude of induced emf depend on:

 The relative speed of motion between a coil
and magnet ( v increases, induced emf
increases ).
 The number of turns of a coil, N (N
increases, induced emf increases)

9
 MAGNETIC FLUX B

• Definition: A scalar product magnetic field B and the area.

• The magnetic flux through a closed loop is defined as a
measure of the number of magnetic field lines that crosses a
given area.

Φ B  B  A  BA cos θ

where
B - the strength of the uniform magnetic field
A - the cross-sectional area of the loop
 - the angle between B and normal of A loop
• Unit: Weber (Wb) = 1 Wb = 1 T.m2 10
 Φ B  BA θ = 0°
Cos 0°=1
Φ B  BA cos
a) Normal to area A is b) Normal to area A is
parallel to B inclined at an angle, θ to
B

• Magnetic flux is maximum when normal to Area is parallel to B, θ =

0°, ɸ = BA.
• Magnetic flux is minimum when normal to Area is perpendicular to B,
θ = 90°, ɸ = 0.
• Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. 11
• The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb) or tesla.meter (T.m ).
2 2
 Magnetic Flux Through Coil
• The magnetic flux through the coil is known as the magnetic flux
linkage.
• In terms of equation, ɸ is written as

Φ B  NBA θ = 0°
Cos 0°=1 Φ B  NBA cos
a) Area A is perpendicular b) Area A is inclined at an angle, θ
to B Normal area, A to B is to B
θ = 0°
• If a coil is wound on a piece of material of relative permeability µr,

maximum magnetic flux linkage, Φ B   r NBA θ = 0°

Cos 0°=1

• A typical value for µr for ferromagnetic material such as soft iron is 7000.
• Therefore the soft iron core of an electromagnet increases the magnetic
12
strength immensely.
 Magnetic Flux Through Coil

c) Area A is
a) Area A is parallel to B b) Area A is 45° to perpendicular to B
B Normal area, A to Normal area, A to B
Normal area, A to B B is θ = 45° is θ = 0°
is θ = 90° 13
MAGNETIC FLUX
Example 7.1
A square loop of wire 20.0 cm on a side is in a 1.25 T magnetic
field B. What are the maximum and minimum values of flux
that can pass through the loop? (Ans: ɸmax = 0.05 Wb; ɸmin = 0
Wb )

Solutions:
The maximum value is
 B  B A  BA cos 
= (1.25 T)(0.200 m)(0.200 m) cos 0o
= 0.05 Wb
The minimum value is 0 Wb when θ = 90o and cos 90o =0

14
 Magnetic Flux Through Coil
Example 7.2

A circular coil of radius 50 cm is situated in a constant

magnetic field of 300 mT. Find the magnetic flux passes
through the coil if the angle between the normal to the
plane of the coil and the direction of the magnetic field
30°.

Solution:

15
MAGNETIC FLUX
Exercise 7.1
A circular coil of 50 turns with an area of 2.0 ₓ 10-4 m2 is placed
in a uniform magnetic field of 1.20 T. Calculate the magnetic
flux linkage through the coil when the plane of the coil makes
an angle of 60⁰ to the magnetic field. [Ans :  B  6.0 10 3Wb ]

16
MAGNETIC FLUX
Exercise 7.2
A conducting circular loop of radius 0.250 m is placed in the
xy-plane in a uniform magnetic field of 0.360 T that points in
the positive z-direction, the same direction as the normal to
the plane.
a. Calculate the magnetic flux through the loop. (Ans: ɸB
= 0.0706 Wb)
b. Suppose the loop is rotated clockwise around x-axis,
so the normal direction now points at a 45o angle with
respect to the z-axis. Recalculate the magnetic flux
through the loop. (Ans: ɸB = 0.0499 Wb)
c. What is the change in flux due to the rotation of the
loop? (Serway) (Ans: ɸB = -0.0207 Wb)

17
MAGNETIC FLUX

Solutions Exercise 7.2 :

18
MAGNETIC FLUX
Exercise 7.3
A plane coil of 25 turns each of area 0.048 m2 is placed in a uniform
magnetic field flux density 0.080 T. The plane of the coil is perpendicular
to the magnetic field.
a) What is the magnetic flux linked with the coil.
b) The coil is then turned an axis which passes through the center of the
coil and perpendicular to the to the magnetic field. Calculate the
magnetic flux linkage through the coil after the coil is turned through
an angle of
i. 30°
ii. 90°
iii. 180°.

Anwer:

a) 0.096 Wb, b) i) 0.083 Wb, ii) 0 Wb, iii) -0.096 Wb.

19
MAGNETIC FLUX

Solutions Exercise 7.3 :

20
FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION

21
 The discovery of electromagnetic induction
• Electromagnetic Induction was first discovered way back in the
1830’s by Michael Faraday.
• Faraday noticed that when he moved a magnet in and out of a
coil (solenoid) or a single loop, the pointer of the galvanometer
is deflected.

• This indicates that a changing magnetic field will produce a

voltage in a solenoid therefore the currents too.
• The voltage produced in the solenoid is known as induced e.m.f. 22
Faraday LAW’s

It states that….

“The e.m.f. induced in a conductor is directly

proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux through the loop”.
Induced
 B  B
e.m.f.    N
(unit : V) t t
Where:
N = The number of loops in a coil
∆φ = The change in flux through a coil
∆t = The taken for the change of flux
 = induce emf (volt V)
The negative sign (–) indicates that the induced e.m.f. opposes
the rate of change of magnetic flux due to Lentz’s law. 23
GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC FLUX

The magnetic flux is proportional

to the number of field lines that pass
through a surface.

24
Faraday LAW’s
There are three factors that can cause a rate of change in magnetic flux (∆φ/∆t),
that gives rise to the
induced e.m.f.

1. Change in magnetic field, while the loop area A and the orientation angle θ
remains constant. This gives:

NAcos ( B )
 
t
2. Change in loop area, A while the magnetic field and the orientation angle θ
remains constant. This gives:

NBcos ( A)
 
t
3. Change in the orientation angle θ between A and B while the magnetic field
and the area of the loop remains constant. This gives:

NBA( cos )
 
t 25
FARADAY’S LAW INDUCTION
• An emf can be induced in three ways:
a. Magnetic flux will change if the area of the loop
change

26
FARADAY’S LAW INDUCTION

b. Changing magnetic field.

c. Change the loop’s orientation angle  with respect to the
field.

The flux through

the coil is reduced
by rotating the coil
from the angle of
0o to 90o that is
from its maximum
value to zero flux.

27
LENZ’S LAW

28
 LENZ’S LAW
• The direction of induced e.m.f. or current can be determined by Lenz’s
Law which states that

• The direction of the induced emf is always in a direction that opposes

the original change in flux that caused it.

• The law implies that the magnetic field due to the induced current is in
the direction that tends to keep the flux through the loop from changing.

• The change of magnetic field will induced current that may induced
magnetic field. The direction of magnetic field induced is opposite
with the original magnetic field.

• Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law can be combined and represented by the
expression N – the number of
turns
∆φ – the change of
Induced e.m.f.  B  B magnetic flux
(unit : V)    N ∆t – the change of
t t time

• The negative sign (–) in the expression indicates that the induced e.m.f.
opposes the rate of change of magnetic flux. 29
LENZ’S LAW

• When the induced current I is flowing in a circuit

which has resistor R , so

 B
  N( ) and   IR
t
I- iduced current
R- resistor
 B
 IR   N ( ) N- n loops
t
30
 LENZ’S LAW

(a)As the magnet moves to the right toward the loop, the external
magnetic flux through the loop increases in time.
(b)To counteract this increase in flux to the right, the induced current
produces a flux to the left, as illustrated in (b) hence, the induced current
is in the direction shown. Note that the magnetic field lines associated
with the induced current oppose the motion of the magnet. Knowing
that, like magnetic poles repel each other, we conclude that the left face
of the current loop is a north pole and that the right face is a south
pole. 31
 LENZ’S LAW

c) If the magnet moves to the left, a current is induced in the direction shown.
d) Its flux through the area enclosed by the loop, which is directed to the right,
decreases in time. Now, the induced current in the loop is in the direction shown in
(c) because this current direction produces a magnetic flux in the same direction as
the external flux. In this case, the left face of the loop is a south pole and the right
face is a north pole.

32
LENZ’S LAW

• A current produced by an induced emf moves in a

direction so that the magnetic field created by the
current opposes the original change in flux.
33
 LENZ’S LAW

• Lenz’s law is used to determine the direction

of the (conventional) electric current induced, I
induced in a loop.

• To produced an induced current we need:

A closed conducting loop, and
An external magnetic flux through the
loop that is changing in time.

How to used Lenz’s Law?

1. Determine whether the magnetic flux B = BA

cos  inside the loop is decreasing, increasing
or unchanged. 34
 LENZ’S LAW
2. The magnetic field due to the induced current, Binduced:
i. When  B is DECREASING  Binduced points in the
SAME DIRECTION as the external field.
ii. When  B is INCREASING  Binduced points in the
OPPOSITE DIRECTION from the external field.
iii. If the  B is NOT CHANGING  Binduced = ZERO.

3. Once you know the direction of the induced magnetic

field, Binduced use the right-hand rule to find the direction
of the induced current.

4. Always keep in mind that there are two magnetic fields:

I. An external field whose flux must be changing if it is
to induce an electric current, and
II. A magnetic field produced by the induced current. 35
 LENZ’S LAW Induced
Magnetic field
pointing North

(Anticlockwise)
Bar magnetic field to the right. So Induced magnetic
field to the left.

(Clockwise)
Bar magnetic field to the left. So Induced magnetic field
to the right.

(Anticlockwise)
Bar magnetic field to the right. So Induced magnetic
field to the left.

36
 LENZ’S LAW

Example 7.3
• Practice with Lenz’s Law: (Giancoli)
In which direction is the current induced in the
circular loop for each situation in figure below?

37
Solution
a. Initially, the magnetic field pointing out of the
pages passes through the lop. If you pull the
loop out of the field, magnetic flux through the
loop decrease; so the induced current will be in
a direction to maintain the decreasing flux
through the loop; the current will be
anticlockwise to produce a magnetic field
outward (toward you).

b. The external field is into the page. The coil area

gets smaller, so the flux will decrease; hence the
induced current will be clockwise, producing its
own field into the page to make up for the flux
decrease.

38
 LENZ’S LAW
c. Magnetic field lines point out from the N
pole of a magnet, so as the magnet moves
toward the loop, the field points into the
page and is getting stronger. The current
will be induced in the anticlockwise
direction to produce a field B out of the
page so that its flux counteracts the
externally imposed change.

d. The field is in the plane of the loop, so no

magnetic field lines pass through the loop and
the flux through the loop is zero throughout the
process; hence there is no change in external
magnetic flux with time, and there will be no
induced emf or current in the loop.

39
 LENZ’S LAW

e. Initially there is no flux through the

loop. When you start to rotate the
loop, the external field through the
loop begins increasing to the left. To
counteract this change in flux, the
loop will have current induced in a
clockwise direction so as to produce
its own field to the right.

40
 LENZ’S LAW
Example 7.4

A square loop of wire of side ℓ = 50.0 cm is in a uniform

magnetic field B = 0.16 T. What is the magnetic flux in the loop
a. When B is perpendicular to the face of the loop.
b. When B is at an angle of 30o to the normal area A of the
loop?
c. What is the magnitude of the average current in the loop
if it has a resistance of 1.2 Ω and it is rotated from
position (b) to position (a) in 0.14 s?

41
 LENZ’S LAW
Solution:
(a) B is perpendicular to the coil’s face, and thus parallel to
A
Area: A  l 2  (5.0 10 1 m) 2  2.5  10 1 m 2

 B  BA cos 

 (0.16 T )( 2.5 10 1 m 2 )(1)  4.0 10 2 Wb

(b) The angle between B and normal A is 30o, so

 B  BA cos 

 (0.16 T )( 2.5  10 1 m 2 ) cos 30  3.5  10 2 Wb

42
 LENZ’S LAW

(c) The magnitude of the induced emf is

 B
  N
t
(3.5  10 2 Wb )  ( 4.0  10 2 Wb )
 (1)  3.6  10  2 V
0.14 s

The current is then

 3.6  10 2 Wb
I   0.03 A  30 mA
R 1.2 

43
GENERATOR

44
 INDUCED E.M.F. IN A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR

Area, A = Lx
• Figure shows a straight conductor of length, L being moved at a constant velocity, v
across a uniform magnetic field B.
• After a time t, the conductor is displaced a distance x.
• In time t, magnetic flux linked with the conductor,

  BA
 BLx
 B A B( Lx )  x 
Induced e.m.f.      where   v 
t t t   t 
   BLv
• Therefore, the magnitude of induced   BLv 45
INDUCED E.M.F. IN A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR

Each charge within the conductor

is moving and experiences a
l magnetic force

F  qvB
q = charge
v = velocity
B = magnetic field

Equation for force on charge chapter 6

The separated charges on the

ends of the conductor give rise
to an induced emf, called a
motional emf.

46
 INDUCED E.M.F. IN A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR
• The general expression of the induced e.m.f. in a straight conductor of
length, L moving with a velocity, v in a magnetic field, B is given by
the vector equation:

  BLv sin  Also known as motional e.m.f

Where θ is angle between v and B

• The relationship between the directions of the velocity, v magnetic
field, B and the induced e.m.f, ξ is given by:
• Fleming’s Right-hand Rule

47
INDUCED E.M.F. IN A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR

(a) • A conducting bar sliding with

velocity v to the right under the
action of an applied force Fapp.
• The magnetic force FB opposes
the motion of bar,
• anticlockwise current is
induced in the loop.(follow RHR
for direction current).
• The bar moves to the right,
area of the loop increases, thus
• The magnetic flux through the
loop increases by φ=BlΔx.

48
CONDUCTOR
• A conducting bar sliding to the
(b) left under with applied force
Fapp.
• clockwise current is induced.
(follow Fleming’s Right-hand
FB
Rule).
• As bar moves to the left, area
of the loop decreases, thus
• The magnetic flux through the
loop increases by φ=BlΔx.

   Bv   90 ,
sin 90  1

V  Bv
I  
R R R 49
 INDUCED E.M.F. IN A STRAIGHT
CONDUCTOR
Example 7.5
The sliding bar in figure has a length of
0.50 m and moves at 2.00 m/s in a
magnetic field of magnitude 0.25 T.
a) Find the induced voltage in the
moving rod.(ans: ε= 0.25 V)
b) If the resistance in the circuit is
0.500 , find the current and the
power delivered to the circuit. (ans:
I= 0.5 A; P= 0.125 W)
c) Calculate the magnetic force on
the bar. (ans: FB= 6.25x10-2 N)
d) Use the concepts of work and
power to calculate the applied
force. (ans: Fapp= 6.25 N)
50
 INDUCED E.M.F. IN A STRAIGHT
CONDUCTOR
Solution:

(a) Induced emf;

  Blv  (0.250 T )( 0.500 m )( 2.00 m / s )  0.250 V
(b) Substitute the emf and Ohm’s law to find induced
current;
 0.250 V
I    0.500 A
R 0.500 
Power dissipated by 0.500 Ω resistor.

  IV  (0.500 A)(0.250 V )  0.125 W

51
 INDUCED E.M.F. IN A STRAIGHT
CONDUCTOR

(c) Magnitude and direction magnetic bar;

Fm  IBl  (0.500 A)(0.250 T )(0.500 m)  6.25  10 2 N

Direction of the force used right hand rule will get;

Negative x-direction.

(d) Applied force;

Wapp  Fapp d  Pt

Pt Pt P 0.125 W

Fapp      6.25  10  2 N
d vt v 2.00 m / s
52
 Example 7.6

Suppose the rod is moving with a speed of 5.0m/s

perpendicular to a 0.80-T magnetic field. The rod
has a length of 1.6 m and a negligible electrical
resistance. The rails also have a negligible
electrical resistance. The light bulb has a
resistance of 96 ohms. Find (a) the emf produced
by the rod and (b) the current induced in the
circuit.
(a)   Blv   0.80 T 1.6 m  5.0 m s 

 6.4 V

E 6.4 V
(b) I   0.067 A
R 96

53
 INDUCED E.M.F. IN A COIL

• The magnetic flux through the coil is given by:

  NBA

• Figure shows a coil of N turns each of area, A in a uniform magnetic field, B.

54
 INDUCED E.M.F. IN A COIL

• When the magnetic flux changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the

coil.
  ( NBA)
  N 
t t

• If the area A of the coil is fixed and the magnetic flux density B
changes,
B
   NA
t

• If the magnetic flux density B is constant and the area of the

coil changes,
A
   NB
t 55
 INDUCED E.M.F. IN A ROTATING COIL

• Initially, a plane of coil of N turns is perpendicular to the magnetic field B.

• When the coil is rotated at a constant angular velocity ω, the angle changes with time
through the coil by θ = ωt.

• The magnetic flux is given by:   NBAcos  NBAcost

   d N – number of
Induced e.m.f dt turns
d(NBAcost ) A- area of the
v  r    x / 2   loop.
dt ε- sinusoidal emf
  t   2f   NBA sint B- magnetic field 56
 Induced e.m.f. in a Rotating coil
ξmax = NBAω

ξ=0

• The e.m.f. induced is alternating between positive and negative values. A

graph of induced e.m.f. ξ against time t is shown above.

• The maximum e.m.f. ξmax = NBAω is known as peak e.m.f. The e.m.f.
is:
• maximum when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field.
• zero when the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic
field.

• The waveform of induced e.m.f. can be observed on the screen of the 57

 Induced e.m.f. in a Rotating coil

• The effective value of alternating e.m.f. is known as the root-mean-square

(r.m.s) e.m.f. which is related to the peak e.m.f. ξmax by the expression

 max
 rms 
2
NBA

2

• The e.m.f. induced in a coil rotated about an axis perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field is the principle of the a.c. generator.
• The slip rings of the a.c. generator enable the same end of the coil to be in contact with
the same carbon brush as the coil rotates.

58
 Induced e.m.f. in a Rotating coil

Example 7.7

An AC generators consists of eight turns of wire,

each having area A = 0.0900 m2, with total resistance
of 12.0 Ω. The loop rotates in a magnetic field of
0.500 T at a constant frequency of 60.0 Hz.
a. Find the maximum induced emf. (ans: ε= 135 V)
b. What is the maximum induced current? (ans:
Iind= 11.3 A)
c. Determine the induced emf and current as
functions of time.(ans: 136V sin 377t; 11.3A sin
377t)
d. What maximum torque must be applied to keep
the coil turning? .(ans: T= 4.07 Nm;
59
 Induced e.m.f. in a Rotating coil
Solution:
(a) Angular frequency of the rotational motion:

  2f  2(60.0 Hz)  377 rad / s

The maximum induced emf
 max  NABw

 8(0.0900 m 2 )(0.500 T )(377 rad / s )  135 V

(b) Maximum induced current

 max 136 V
I max    11 .3 A
R 12.0 
60
GENERATORS
(c) Substitute εmax and ω into equation to obtain
variation of ε with time in second.

   max sin wt  (136 V ) sin 377t

Time variation of the current
I  (11 .3 A) sin 377t
(d) Maximum applied torque to keep the coil turning.
Torque equation:   BI max AN sin 
Torque maximum:

 max  (0.500 T  11 .3 A  8.14 A.m  8) sin 90

2

 4.07 N .m
61
 INDUCTANCE :
SELF-INDUCTANCE AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

62
 SELF-INDUCTION
• Self-Induction is the generation of an induced e.m.f. in a circuit due to
changing current in the circuit.

• Self-induction is an important effect in a single isolated circuit.

• Figure shows a solenoid, a battery, and a switch connected in series.

• Initially, before the switch connected is closed, no current flows
through the coil, and there is no magnetic flux with the coil.

• When a current is present in a circuit, it sets up a magnetic field

that causes a magnetic flux through the same circuit. 63
 SELF-INDUCTION
• If the circuit carries a varying current, the change in magnetic flux in the
circuit will produce an induced emf in the circuit. The induced emf is known as
back-emf and it is directly proportional to the rate of change of current.
I
  L
back
t

• L is known as the self-inductance of the solenoid.

• If the current I in the circuit changes, so does the flux ɸ. By rearranging the
above equation and applying Faraday’s law of induction, the self-induced emf is
given by
  N   L I
t t
• For a circuit with a coil of N turns and carries a current I, the self inductance L
of the circuit is given by
NΦB
L
I
• By Lenz’s law, a self-induced emf always opposes the changes in the current
that caused the emf and so tends to make it more difficult for variations in
current to occur.
64
 SELF-INDUCTION
Inductance in the solenoid

N Magnetic field of
B   o nI   o I
 …… (1) a solenoid
• Where n = N/l is the number of turns per unit length.
• The magnetic flux through each turn is therefore
N
 B  BA   o AI …… (2)

• Where A is the cross sectional area of the solenoid, then we find
N B o N 2 A [Inductance Solenoid,L]
L 
I  …… (3)
• Because of N = nl, we can also express the result in the form

L  o
 nl  2

A   o n 2 A   o n 2V
• V - the volume of the
solenoid ;
 • A- cross section area of
solenoid 65
 SELF-INDUCTION
• Figure below shows the symbol for an inductor and the direction of induced emf
in an inductor when the current I vary in it.

• The self-inductance L is measured in Henry (H). The inductance of an inductor

is 1 henry (1 H) if the back-emf induced is 1 volt when the current through the
inductor changes at a rate of 1 ampere per second.

• A circuit or a part of a circuit that have an inductance L is called an inductor.

It’s purpose in a circuit is to oppose any variations in the current through the
circuit.

• An inductor in a DC circuit helps to maintain a steady current despite any

fluctuation in the applied emf. In an AC circuit, an inductor tends to suppress
variations of the current that are more rapid than desired. 66
 SELF-INDUCTION

dI NΦB
[Self-induced emf]   L L [Self Inductance, L ]
dt I

 V 
L      s    Henry    H 
A /s

67
 Inductance

Example 7.8
Calculate inductance of solenoid of 300 turns and length
25 cm and the of area 4 x10-4m2 (ans: L = 0.181 mH)
Given
N = 300
l = 25 cm = 25 x 10-2 m
A = 4 x10-4m2

0 N 2 A
LSol 
l
4 x 10-7 x  x 300 2 x 4 x 10-4

25 x 10-2
 0.181 mH
68
 Inductance

Exercise 7.4
A hollow air cored inductor coil consists of 500 turns of
copper wire which produces a magnetic flux of 10mWb
when passing a DC current of 10 amps. Calculate the self-
inductance of the coil in milli-Henries. (Ans: L= 500 mH)

69
 SELF-INDUCTION
Inductance in the toroid

N A
2 • A - cross section area of
L solenoid ;
2r • r - the toroid radius to
centerline;
70
 Inductance
Example 7.9
Calculate inductance of toroid of 100 turns and the radius
of the toroid to the centerline is 25 cm and the area is
4x10-4m2 (Ans: L= 500 mH)
Given
N = 1100
r = 25 cm = 25 x 10-2 m
A = 4 x10-4 m2
Solution
0 N 2 A
Ltoroid 
2r
4 x 10 -7 x  x 1000 2 x 4 x 10-4

2 x  x 25 x 10 -2
 0.32 mH 71
 Mutual-INDUCTION
Mutual-Induction is the generation of induced e.m.f. in a circuit due to
an changing current in a neighbouring
circuit.

• Figure shows two coils P and Q are wound on a soft iron core.
• When a current I flows through coil P, a magnetic field is produced and this
field is linked with coil Q.
• When the resistance of the rheostat is varied, the current I in coil P changes.
• The magnetic flux linked with coil Q changes and an emf is induced in coil Q.

• P is known as the primary coil and Q, the secondary coil. 72

 MUTUAL-INDUCTION
• Conversely, if the battery and rheostat are connected to coil Q, and the
galvanometer to coil P, an emf would be induced in P when the current in Q
changes. Now Q is the primary coil and P the secondary coil.

• When I is the current in the primary

coil P, Magnetic flux linkage in coil Q,

  N  I
  N  MI
• where M is a constant known as the mutual inductance between the two coils. It
is measured in henry (H).

• The induced emf in the secondary coil Q is directly proportional to the rate
of change of magnetic flux

Induced emf in secondary coil

73
 MUTUAL-INDUCTION

When the current in the primary coil is I1, the magnetic flux density within the
coil is
N 
B1   o  1  I1
 L 

Magnetic flux linkage through the secondary coil which has N2 turns is
  N 2 B1 A

Also the magnetic flux,   MI1 where M is the mutual inductance

Therefore, MI1  N 2 B1 A
 N  
 N 2   o  1  I1  A
  L  
Mutual Inductance,   N N A
M  o 1 2 
 L  74
 MUTUAL-INDUCTION:TRANSFORMER
• Transformer is a device that uses mutual induction to change
the voltage of an AC supply.

• It consists of a primary coil of NP turns and a secondary coil of

NS turns wound on a soft iron core as shown in figure below.

75
 MUTUAL-INDUCTION:TRANSFORMER
• For an ideal transformer, where no energy is dissipated as heat, output power
from the secondary coil = input power of the primary coil.

PS  PP
ISVS  IPVP
where IP and IS are the currents in the primary and secondary coils.

• The ratio of the secondary voltage VS to the primary voltage VP is given by

Where:
VS NS NS = number of turns in the
 secondary coil
NP = number of turns in the
VP primary coil

• If there are more turns in the secondary coil, NS > NP, the secondary voltage VS
NP
would be higher than the primary voltage VP. Transformer is then step-up
transformer.

• Conversely, if NS < NP and the transformer would be a step-down transformer.

76
 Inductance
Example 7.10
When the current in a certain coil is changing at a rate
of 5 A s-1, it is found that an emf of 8 mV is induced in
a nearby coil. What is the mutual inductance of the
combination? (Ans: M = 1.6 mH)

Solution

I
 2  M
t
 2  8mV   8 x10 -3V
I
 5 As 1
t
8 x 10 -3
M   1.6 x 10 -3 H
5 77
 Inductance
Exercise 7.5
Suppose that two insulated wires are wound onto a
common cylindrical former of length l = 0.1 m and cross-
sectional area A= 0.05 m2. The number of turns in the
first wire is N1 = 100, and the number of turns in the
second wire is  N2 = 300. If the current  flowing in the
first wire increases uniformly from 0 to 10 A in 0.1s

a) What is the mutual inductance of the two wires?

b) What emf is generated in the second wire?
c) Does this emf act to drive a current in the second
wire which circulates in the same sense as the
current in the first wire, or the opposite sense?

78
 Inductance
Solution : Exercise 7.5

79
 Inductance
Exercise 7.6

A coil of 300 turns is wrapped round a solenoid having a

length of 20 cm and has a total of 1600 turns. The cross
section area of the solenoid is 1.8 x 10-3 m2.
a) Calculate the mutual inductance of the two coaxial coils
(Ans: 5.43 x 10-3 H)
b) If the current in the solenoid changes at the rate of 30
A/s, what is the induced e.m.f. in the coil? (Ans : 0.163
V)

Solution

80
 Inductance
Solution : Exercise 7.6

81
ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

82
 ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

• To derive a constant current I through an inductor of self-inductance L, the

potential difference V applied across the inductor must equal the back-emf but
in the opposite direction.
I
Hence, applied voltage, VL
t
Power in the inductor,  P  U  energy
P  IV
 t 
U 
 I 
t  IL 
 t 
du  IL(dI)
Integratin
g  du   LIdI
83
 ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

Therefore, energy stored in inductor:

1
U  LI 2
2

where, equal to energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor.

The energy density in a magnetic field is given by

Energy
Magnetic energy density 
Volume
B2

2 o

84
 ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR
Example 7.11

Calculate,
a. the induced of a solenoid containing 300 turns if
the length of the solenoid is 25.0 cm and its
cross-sectional area is 4.00 cm2 = 4.00 x 10-4 m2.
b. the self-induced emf in the solenoid describe in
part A if the current through it is decreasing at the
rate of 50.0 A/s. (Ref-Serwey:Ans: (a) 0.181 mH,
(b) 9.05 mV)

85
 Energy stored in an inductor
Solution:
a) Substitute the number n of turns, the area and the
length, ℓ into the solenoid equation to find the
inductance:
4
0 N 2 A 7 (300 ) 2
( 4. 00  10 m 2
)
L  (4  10 T .m / A)(
l 25.0  10  2 m

 1.81  10 4 T .m 2 / A  0.181 mH
b) Substitute L and ΔI/Δt =-50.0 A/s into equation to
find self induced emf.
I
  L  (1.81  10 4 H )( 50.0 A / s )  9.05 mV
t
Notice that ΔI/Δt is negative because the current is
decreasing with time.
86
 ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

Example 7.12

A coil has an inductance of 53 mH and a resistance

of 0.35 Ω. If a 12 V emf is applied across the coil,
how much energy is stored in the magnetic field
after the current has built up to its equilibrium
value? (Ans:E= 31.18 J).

Solution

1 1 V 2
U  LI  L ( )
2

2 2 R
1 12V
U   53  10 3 H  ( )2
2 0.35
U  31.15 J 87
 ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

Exercise 7.5
The energy stored in an inductor is 30 mJ when the
current in it is 50 mA.
i. Calculate the self-inductance, L of the coil.
ii. What is the current if the energy stored
increases four times?
(Ans: (i) L = 24 H, (ii) I = 0.1 A)
Solution
1
i. U  1 LI 2 ii. U  LI 2, U  4U
2
2
2U 2(4)(30  10 3 J )
2U 2(30  10 3 ) I 
L 2  L 24 H
I (50  10 3 ) 2

L  24 H I  0.1 A

88
Forgive people so that perhaps
Allah may forgive you

89