Compounding Words: Prepared by

Compounding Words
Prepared by:
Sameeha Elwan
The components of Compounding words:
The component of
Compounding words
in English
The First Element: The Second element:

1. Noun, 1. Noun
2. Pronoun 2. a pronoun
3.an adjective 3. a verb
4. a verb 4. an adverb
To combine between such two elements, we have to
take in consideration the relationship:
 Syntactic relationship: like part of speech, co-
ordination, verb and object, qualifier and noun,
adverb and noun ,denoting the subject or the object.
 Semantic relationship: denoting place or time,
purpose, means or instrument, resemblance, and
sex.
Types of Compounds
Endocentric Exocentric
The meaning of the compound is The meaning of the compound
classified according to the meaning doesn't result from its component
of its components Example: Read head is a person with
.Example: dog food is a type of food .red head, not a type of head
Compounds formation
Types of Compound nouns:
 Solid or Closed form: consists of monosyllabic
units.
 Examples: lawsuit, wallpaper, makeup.
 Hyphenated form: two or more units are combined
by hyphens.
 Examples: good-for-nothing, salt-and-pepper.
 Opened or Spaced form: long words such as :
distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis.
Analyzability: ( Transparency):
 The meaning of the compound can be analyzed in different
ways:
1. The relationship is attributive. The meaning of a
compound noun is a specialization of the meaning of
the head. The modifier limits the meaning.
(endocentric compounds) Example: black board.
2. The relationships are expressed by prepositions, there
is no obvious semantic head. (exocentric compounds)
Examples: Footstool, armchair, office manager.
3. The meaning could be a generalization when the
meaning could be induced from both units.
Example: fighter bomber: it is an aircraft which is
both fighter and bomber.
Compound Adjectives:
It is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes where the
left-hand morpheme narrows or changes the modification of the right hand
one.
Types of Compound adjectives

 Solid modifiers:
 Overtime usage: earsplitting, eyecatching ,
downtown.
 Number with fold as a suffix: sixfold,
fifteenfold.
 Points of compass: northwest, northwester
Adjective preceding
a noun
Round-table
Blue-sky
Compound
Verb preceding
adjectives with
an adjective or
high and low
adverb
High-level
Feel-good factor
discussion
Hyphenated
Compound
Numbers spelled Verb preceding
out or as adjectives a prepositions
numerous
30-piece band Stick-on label
Seven- year boy Stand-by fare
A noun, adjective, An adjective

or adverb proceeding a
preceding a noun to which
present participle (ed) is added
A long-lasting Middle-aged
affair
lady
Compound Verbs
 It is usually composed of a modifier and a

verb. The modifier is usually a preposition but
it can be an adverb, an adjective, a noun
 Examples:
Overrate, downsize, whitewash, browbeat.
Phrasal verbs:
They are a combination of verb and prepositions.
A phrasal verb is used in an idiomatic,
figurative or even metaphorical context.
The meaning of each word cannot be determined
separately.
Examples:
Give in, find out, look after, blame on,
serve as, look up to, etc.
Compounding in Arabic:
Categories
of Compounds
In Arabic
Construct state Fusional compounds Predicative Compound

‫المركب االضافي‬ ‫المركب المزجي‬ ‫المركب االسنادي‬
(possessive or genitive relationship
Ex. M‫حم‬MM‫يت‬MMM‫ب‬
‫ل‬ ‫تأبط شرا‬
‫ دودة االرض‬earth worm ‫نيويورك‬ Relation based on prediction
‫ يوم الحساب‬doomsday unknown relation Limited
Other categories
 Compound Numbers: from 11 to 19
 Numbers from 21 to 99.
 Compound particles ‫لمركبة‬MM‫لحرفا‬MM‫ا‬
( ‫يما‬MM‫يما وال س‬MM‫ س‬، ‫يفما‬M‫ ك‬،‫ حيثما‬،‫ ريثما‬،‫ ربما‬، ‫نما‬M‫) ا‬
*Defective verb Compounds:
‫ ما فتئ‬،‫ ما زال‬، ‫ ما دام‬، ‫ما برح‬
*Two interrogative pronouns
‫ماذا و منذا‬
*proper noun:
‫القاموس المحيط‬
‫التل الكبير‬
Compound Nouns:
 The structure (N+ Adj. ): the read sea‫ا''لبحر‬
‫ا''الحمر‬
 A different syntactic structure: '‫ق''سم' منا'قسام‬
'‫ا''لكالم‬
 Arabic possessive or Genitive structure:
‫ عابر سبيل‬، ‫طلوع النهار‬
Compound Adjective
1. Single-word adjectives: Trustworthy‫موثوق‬
2. Adj.+ Adj. : bitter sweet‫ مر حلو‬dark blue‫امق‬M‫ازرقغ‬
3. Simile: red-hot‫لجمر‬MM‫ا‬MM‫ار ك‬M‫ ح‬blood-redM‫لدم‬MM‫ا‬M‫حمر ك‬M‫ا‬
4. N+ Adj.+ Adj.: usually employing a prep.
Sea-sick‫لبحر‬MM‫نا‬M‫دورا‬MMM‫ مصابب‬blood thirsty‫لدماء‬MM‫متعطشل‬
5. Adv+ Adj. are rendered by possessive:
Ever green‫لخضرة‬MM‫ ا‬M‫ئم‬M‫ دا‬ever-ripe ‫لخضرة‬MM‫ئد ا‬M‫زا‬
Compound Verbs:

Compounding Words: Prepared by

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Compounding Words

The First Element: The Second element:

Types of Compound adjectives

A noun, adjective, An adjective

 It is usually composed of a modifier and a

Construct state Fusional compounds Predicative Compound

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